Women Kicks :: Athletics Movies Film Sports Essays

Wo men KicksSociety, athletic women, and film have always been used as a medium to express the discrimination against women athletes today. The year 2010 has commissioned me to import a movie script about womens sports and current society. There are four crucial elements that define the reasons why women have been abused by men in the athletic world which are the following history, race and class, gender, and sexual orientation. Each of these elements point to the drastic change in feminine power oer athletics. The theme of Women Kicks is about women that kick down discrimination and focus on the real issue, their love for the sport.Women Kicks is about the New Yorks professional womens football team called Women Kicks in a world with the new WNFL in 2010. Currently there are no existing womens football teams, however I want to portray in this movie how society would discriminate against a womens professional football team. It is very unrealistic to todays audience to have a womens football team because for the past decades, football has always been a mans sport. I want the audience to believe that anything is possible with the movement for womens rights in athletics. In the opening scene, the womens football team is speaking in the lead a high school audience in New York City. They are watching a clip from a Womens Movement documentary about women process through the streets of Washington D.C. protesting for the right to work. The teams quarterback, Sarah Cunningham tells the audience, I believe that the womens movement has not ended, but has just begun. Only, seventy years ago, our ancestors were fighting for the right to work. Now we essential fight for our descendants for the right to play. The teams coach, Joe Contonelli tells the audience, We should also focus on womens increasing power in the athletic world today. How many of you guys watch the WNBA. Suddenly, a son in the audience screams out, The WNBA sucks Joe says, Well, we must always remember t hat womens sports do not appeal to the majority audience. The WNBA started about 20 years ago and it has the highest ratings from women athletics in country. Here, I remind the audience about the strong objection to womens sports everywhere. Next, Women Kicks opens the discussion to questions from the audience. Hello, my name is Mary. I am currently on the girls JV football team.

African Influenced Christianity in Toni Morrison’s Beloved Essay

Religion has influenced fiction since people first began writing fiction. Christianity tends to be one of the approximately influential forces on western writers in the last couple millennia, but the introduction of other cultures changes the influences present in books. The forced migration of enslaved Africans created a fascinating spinal fusion between Christianity and native african religions, primarily totemistic but often involving archetypal pantheons. The slaves often identified with the Israelites enslaved in Egypt, and such parallels between biblical stories and their own experiences hastened the sufferance of a modified Christianity by the slaves. Events in Toni Morrisons Beloved reflect the experiences of the Israelites and other biblical figures in ways modified by native African religions.The slaves identification with the Israelites is used by Toni Morrison, who gives Paul D an equally divine rescue.So he raced from dogwood to blossoming peach. When they thinned out he headed for the florid blossoms, then magnolia, chinaberry, pecan, walnut, prickly pear. At last he reached a fiel...

Feminist Objections to Kantian, Utilitariansism, and Egoism :: Feminism Philosophy School Thought Essays

Feminist Objections to Kantian, Utilitarianism, and EgoismMany feminists have problems or objections to Kantian morals, utilitarian ideas, and egoism. The feminist morals are based on handle and equality. Many of these ethics have a flock of problems when relating to a feminist.Feminists have a lot of objections to Kantian morals. For example, there is too much emphasis on duty. For example, a feminist might argue that because feminists emphasize care so much, duty can sometimes overshadow care. Also, science is extremely important in feminism. Kant believes that science is non important where it is a defense in many cases of feminism.Feminism also has many objections to utilitarianism. Sometimes it is more difficult to see the greater good in things. This also could interrupt the care for someone. For example, the Terri Schiavo case. The husband might feel it is his duty to let her die because he thinks she has suffered or didnt insufficiency to be alive too long. It seems that the greater good would be to let her live and then her family would be happy, plus there are a lot of other people in the country that seem to have essentialed her to live. This also interfered with the care of Mrs. Schiavo. Also in utilitarianism it dictates that contracts can be broken to pick out about the greater good. If Terri Schiavo had made a living contract saying that she wanted to stay alive under any circumstances and he broke that contract. Then it would completely reject the feminists approach having to do with care. Also sacrificing others can be brutalizing and degrading. I am sure that Mr. Schiavo the husband is being degraded by family members and brutalized over his decision.Feminists also have some objections to egoism. Egoism makes giving advice in certain situations not valid or even impossible. Let us say that there is an egoist deciding whether or not to take his/her sick friend to the doctor. He/She would probably decide not to because he/she doesnt want to get sick. The better option for the friend would be to go to the doctor so he/she can get medicine or will not be sick anymore.

Fairness of the SAT :: Standardized Tests ACT SAT Essays

The Scholastic Aptitude Test (sit) was created to mental testing college-bound students on their mathematical and verbal aptitudes and to thus predict their ability to heed academically in college. In the United States, the SAT is the oldest and most widely used college entrance test. It was first administered in June 1926 to only 8,040 high school students and is forthwith dispensen by over 2 million students. Over the years, the SAT has become one of the most important tests of a teenagers life for entree to college. The test is administered seven times a year at thousands of testing centers throughout the United States. Most colleges consider the SAT to be a reliable soothsayer of academic success in college and is therefore used as a critical tool when selecting applicants. However, the question that has to be confronted is whether the test is fair to all students.Educators live been questioning the validity of the SAT to determine college admission or to predict academic success because the test appears to be discriminatory and biased against women, minorities, and the poor (low income). The educational Testing Service (ETS), which produces and administers the test, claims that the SAT in its current form is an impartial and objective measure of student ability (Owen 272). However, critics of the SAT argue that tests like the SAT measure little more than the absorption of white upper-middle-class culture and penalize the economically disadvantaged (Owen 10). The statistical reality of SAT scores is that students who take coaching/prep courses do better than those who are not coached men do better than women whites do better than blacks and the fecund do better than the poor. ground upon my research, the SAT appears to be discriminatory against women, minorities, and the poor, and a test this flawed should not be used as a key factor in college admission or as a predictor of academic success.In March 2005, a new and improved SAT will be introduced to theoretically pass up any questions deemed biased and discriminatory. This revised SAT would appear to be a concession to the out-cry of criticism against the current test. However, since the new test will emphasize exertion rather than aptitude, it will once again favor the student who can afford coaching and attends a high school with a superior curriculum, i.e. the rich and white. An equal opportunity college entrance examination is virtually impossible because someone will always have/obtain an advantage.

A Destructive Tornado Essay examples -- Descriptive Essay Examples

A Destructive sallyTornadoes are one of the deadliest and most temporary villains mankind will ever face. There is no rhyme or reason, no rhythm to its madness. Tornados are one of the most terrifying inseparable events that occur, destroying homes and ending lives every year. April 29th, 1995, a calm, muggy, spring darkness I may never forget. Jason, a buddy I grew up with, just agreed to stumble across state with me so we could visit a friend in Lubbock. Jason and I were admiring the beautiful blue bonnets, which traveled for miles like little blue birds ephemeral close to the ground. The warm breeze brushed across the tips of the blue bonnets and allowed them to dance under the perfectly clear blue sky. In the distance, however, we could see darkness. A gang fight sky was quickly approaching. We continued down the continuously long interstate towards our destination. Thunder clouds continued to rumble in, like an ocean tide rolling nigher and closer to the beach front. Wi thin minutes the integral landscape was calm and dark. It looked like a total eclipse of the sun, and the once ... A Destructive Tornado Essay examples -- Descriptive Essay ExamplesA Destructive TornadoTornadoes are one of the deadliest and most unpredictable villains mankind will ever face. There is no rhyme or reason, no rhythm to its madness. Tornados are one of the most terrifying natural events that occur, destroying homes and ending lives every year. April 29th, 1995, a calm, muggy, spring night I may never forget. Jason, a buddy I grew up with, just agreed to travel across state with me so we could visit a friend in Lubbock. Jason and I were admiring the beautiful blue bonnets, which traveled for miles like little blue birds flying close to the ground. The warm breeze brushed across the tips of the blue bonnets and allowed them to dance under the perfectly clear blue sky. In the distance, however, we could see darkness. A rumbling sky was quickly approaching. We continued down the infinitely long interstate towards our destination. Thunder clouds continued to rumble in, like an ocean tide rolling closer and closer to the beach front. Within minutes the entire landscape was calm and dark. It looked like a total eclipse of the sun, and the once ...

YR10 ANALYSIS OF THE UK LABOUR MARKET :: Economics

YR10 ANALYSIS OF THE UK LABOUR MARKET1. What have been the trends in unemployment levels in the UK in the past 25 years?From the graphical record above I can come to a conclusion that since 1984 the form of people idle has decreased. However, it hasnt beenconstantly decreasing, it went down in between 1986 and 1990 and becauseback up again between 1990 and 1993. From here it has steadily gonedown from there organism 10,000 people unemployed to there only being3,000 people unemployed in 2004. Ever since 1984 bountiful time workershave been in greater supply then the part time workers. Both full timeand part time workers have increased at roughly the said(prenominal) rate with thegraph lines almost being parallel. One reason for two sets of workersincreasing at the same rate is that there could be a raceincrease causing there to be more workers getting jobs in bothcategories. Both of the sets of workers have increased, since 1984 to2004, by about 2500 people.2. How has the spli t between full and part time workers changed?Ever since 1984 full time workers have been in greater supply then thepart time workers. Both full time and part time workers have increasedat roughly the same rate with the graph lines almost being parallel.One reason for both sets of workers increasing at the same rate isthat there could be a population increase causing there to be moreworkers getting jobs in both categories. Both of the sets of workershave increased, since 1984 to 2004, by about 2500 people. Unemploymentdiffers between the different regions of the UK in kind of similar ways.The pattern of unemployment over the years looks very similar butwith different quantities for the different regions. The North Easthas the greatest number of unemployed in the duration of the 29 years,whilst the East has on average the lowest number of unemployed. In2004 the different regions have a lot close at hand(predicate) connector then ever beforewith a range of just 2000.3. How does unem ployment differ between different regions in the UKUnemployment differs between the different regions of the UK in quitesimilar ways. The pattern of unemployment over the years looks verysimilar but with different quantities for the different regions. TheNorth East has the greatest number of unemployed in the duration ofthe 29 years, whilst the East has on average the lowest number ofunemployed. In 2004 the different regions have a lot closer linkthen ever before with a range of just 2000.

Government Responses to Genocide

Is any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious mathematical group, as much(prenominal) killing members of the group causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group deliberately inflicting on the roup conditions of life, calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or In part Imposing measures Intended to pr razet births within the group and forcibly transferring children of the group to another group (Article 2 CPPCG)_ By this definltlon certain acts of genocide may go on with no Interference. One of the most recent Genocides to sidereal day was at the end of the twentieth century. In the year 1994 in the East African country of rwanda an amount around eight- hundred thousand Rwandans were killed. The Genocide was presently started later the Hutu president plan was shoot down.The Hutu extremist soon started targeting the Tutsi civilians under the pretense of war. Any polit ical leaders that could have turned the situation was killed or so immediately. any one that was suspected of being tutsi was killed on contact. WThe Rwandan genocide resulted trom the conscious choice of the elite to promote hatred and fear to keep itself in power. This small, internal group first set the majority against the minority to counter a growing political opposltlon within Human Rights). Many countries such ds the coupled States of America, France, and policymakers of the united Nations failed to ake steps to prevent the mass slaughterlngs that they know ot.Even though Rwandans are considered fully responsible for the organizing and carrying out the genocide. governments of the world and people everywhere all campaign. Governments such as United States of America were hesitant of getting Involved with foreign conflict after the somalla Incldent. uhe battle likely caused an excessive concern to avoid risking American forces on the ground during the Clinton Meaning that when President Bill Clinton decided foresee the amount of casualties that would result. Somalia is an infamous event in he history of the United States military that has invigorate the bulk Black Hawk Down by Mark Bowden and a movie based off the book.The event in Somalia would prevent the US from even to classify Rwanda as a genocide, so that they would not have to intervene in the situation. Not only was the United States government at fault for not intervening, but the government of France also. France is often accused of adding the Hutus rebellion and doing nothing at the same time. As said by the French president Nicolas Sarkozy while at a rwandan memorial, We are not here to have fun, to fiddle with vocabulary hat happened here is unacceptable and what happened here forces the international community, including France, to reflect on the mistakes that prevented it from anticipating and taenia this terrible crime. This comment can show how France is primarily known for ignoran ce of the Rwanda incident even though that it had some of the closest ties to the Rwandan government at the time. In the book Silent Accomplice The Untold Story of Frances Role in the Rwandan Genocide it is written, in total, France sold $24 million of arms to Rwanda during 1990-94, though this fgure does not implicate non-authorized grants. It is clear that secret deliveries outside the knowledge or authorization of the ministry defence that were taking place. Because of this secrecy there was a gap between the official translation and the actual administrative reality. Much of huge stock received from france and egypt were handed over to the civilian militia. (Andrew Wallis 32).The fact that so many weapons were able to get on the black market could be considered as astounding. If these weapons were never in the civilian militia hands the death toll of the Rwanda genocide might have been drastically different. Part of the international community is constantly called on for its lack of intervention during the Rwanda genocide. Troops were being sent in and taken out almost constantly. the Belgian government sent in the largest amount of soldiers, but shortly after ten soldiers of theirs were killed, Belgian troops were withdrawn. French armies were said to take post after they had withdrawn, but apparently took too long. n the words of Ian Linden,The withdrawal of the bulk of the UN forces and the failure of the Security Council to re-enforce them and acknowledge that genocide was aking place cost thousands of lives and will be recorded as one of the most culpable and tragic of the UNs many mistakes on intervention (Sellstrom and Wohlgemuth, 1996).

Analysis of Urban Composition using Space Syntax and Computer Techniques

A esteemed axiom from Winston Churchill goes that people shape edifices, and so edifices transform people. The affects from edifices, or more than(prenominal) specifically, from the built environment to people is widely-belive in the thought of architectural and urban forms. It has led to some phantasies that trying to reform society by bettering initiation, such as the Claude-Nicholas Ledouxs thought of cites ideales in 18Thursdaycentury and the thought of reforming the environment alternatively of reforming the people. Peoples could alter themselves if the environment bend to be correct by Buckminster Fuller in the sixtiess.The overtures to attack the interior birth between built environment and societal life are truly uncommon apart from above. Under this circumstance, unnumerable sentence bodily anatomical structure, a theory started twenty grey-haired ages ago which seting forward by Hillier and Hanson ( 1984 ) , being developed at the Laboratory of University College London and globally distri ande over the old ages.Space sentence structure is to analyze the urban compo blether by utilizing computing machine techniques. In the words of Hillier et Al, inexhaustible sentence structure is a group of techniques which contains the comprehensive cognition of some facets in edifices and colonies, such as quantitative digest, representation and spacial contour account. As a broadly explanation of constellation, on one manus, it should elate one tierce of the relation between two unmeasureds at least, on the other manus, it should see complex dealingss among all infinites at nearly. Hence, spacial constellation is far more than however a simple thought of spacial relation and demand to mention non merely a match of related infinites ( 1987, p.363 ) .Harmonizing to Hillier ( 1984 ) , the 1 who made a breakthrough beyond others, in that infinite sentence structure had by now developed a small method to depict topological dealingss, locally and globally at one time, in one graph, for edifice and colonies, as a social-spatial issue, with a witting theory close a deep puddleion in societal infinite in the built environment, in the original signifier of infinite sentence structure, it chiefly show urban forms of the motion of prosaic. It was subsequently generalized to a figure of other countries, such as urban conveyance mold, calculating the grade of air pollution, measuring stick different vicinities burglaries occurred, and gauging the possibility of development of retail around the streets.In the work of Space sentence structure a different urban perspective ( 1984 ) , Hillier mentioned ternion different facets. The intelligibility of infinite, the continuity of business and the predictability of infinite. He thought the spacial organisation of urban countries affects forms of motion and usage harmonizing to good defined rules. And he went on presenting how infinite sentence structure works. It is based on a dweller or a human organic structure in a local point, sing two points, visibleness and the permeableness and doing two waies, the longest axial farm animal and the smallest bulging infinite to develop two maps, axial map and convex map, for urban colonies or edifices. In this manner of analysis, every point in the system has both a one- and two- dimensional facet which means every point has a local and planetary dimension.Now allow us concentrate on most widely used technique of infinite sentence structure in urban analysis, the axial map. Harmonizing to Hillier, in order to understand the axial map , the significance of axial lines and the word integration should be understand clearly. Axial line is basic elements of infinite sentence structure analysis, which is from unconditioned two human inherent aptitudes, visibleness and permeableness. Axial line represents the lower limit and longest eyepiece line associating the different convex space . The word integration is initial of bit i n infinite sentence structure. To explicate it, the design of deepness should be known first. Take the five different plane grammatical cases in Figure 1 ( from left to compensate 1-1-1, 1-1-2, 1-1-3, 1-1-4, 1-1-5 ) for illustration, each program consists of three indoor infinites and an exterior infinite O. The Justified Graph, which show the relation between out-of-door infinite O and the remainder of infinites, is shown blew each program. The syntactic characteristics of infinites of five different program could be discerned from the Justified Graph. Comparing with F1-1-5 ( F= figure ) , F1-1-1 is a deep sentence structure. Therefore, F1-1-5 is a shallow sentence structure. However, F1-1-1 and F1-1-5 are deep tree sentence structure when comparing with F1-1-2 and 1-1-3. And F1-1-2 and F1-1-3 are two different deep ring sentence structure. Besides, F1-1-4 is a sentence structure between shallow tree sentence structure and shallow ring sentence structure. From the Justified Grap h, convenient grade of different convex infinite could be easy shown. In F1-1-2, bulging infinite b2 locates on a deeper and less convenient topographic point comparing with a2 and c2. Although b4 locates on a shallow place, the convenient degree is inferior to infinite O. Because it is two justify stairss off from c4. However, c4 is the most inconvenient topographic point of the system, which is two justified stairss to a4 and b4. It should be noticed that the deep , shallow and step being discussed donnot stand for the brisk distance. It is a construct of morphological. Deep and shallow merely show the degree of artworks and step means the figure of infinites from one convex infinite to another in the artworks.The value of consolidation of a line linked to its deepness to other lines in one system. To be more specific, the integrating value in infinite sentence structure means how good of the system integrated, how good the elements within the system connect with each other. The most incorporate systems are those with shallowest lines on norm, and the most detached are those with deepest lines ( Hillier et al, 1993, page 35 ) .Integration is the chief portion of the analysis of axial map. The motion of people strongly depend on the integrating value of each line. Integration values play a important function in understanding the map of urban systems in line maps since it ending in that the Numberss of motion which pass down each line has a high grade of influence by its integrating value.From some of the point of view, infinite sentence structure is to widen the construct of web analysis to architecture design and urban planning. Its prognosis of motion is controversial. However, the map of infinite sentence structure can non be negated.To be more thorough, I read the book of Space is a machine , anther one written by Bill Hillier. In this subdivision some reappraisals of this book will be illustrated.1. The position of configurationIn the de entirely at t he beginning, Bill Hillier stated that the most critical topic in these surveies is the construct of configuration bit by bit enter into the centre of the phase. In short, the configuration is intended as a set of relationships. separately of them depends on all others association with it. New techniques of spacial analysis have been developed from these, which brings the spacial logic of architecture and urban to visible radiation. What is more, it besides quantifies a truth of the cardinal point being how to form things together.Similar with the word pattern , constellation stress the overall construct of complex systems instead than partial. However, we do non utilize the word pattern due to the fact form means to follow regularity. The construct of spatial configuration means the unity of a relationship with any of the relationship depends on the relationships of all other relevant. Here showing a formal but simple definition for two infinites, if we define the spacial relatio nship of any sort of connexion between them, such as next or exchange, the relationship between them will alter depend on the manner of any one or both of these two infinites linking with the 3rd infinite. Wherein the constellation is present ( p.14 ) .In the book, Hillier aimed to suggest a new design method, which the constellation is the nucleus construct. It insists that architecture design or urban planning is a procedure with constellation, which means the local alteration promote the overall alteration. Even if merely rely on the cognition of constellation can back up the design. Hillier recalled the infinite sentence structure theory and methodological analysis of some of import new accomplishments in the preamble. These consequences make a more solid and effectual theoretical foundation for infinite sentence structure.Space as a thing in itselfSpace is an verifiable property of houses, which can be independently described as existent things. However, in architecture, it i s rare to depict infinite wholly independent, such as enclosed space is to depict the infinite deposeing on the physical signifier instead than to specify infinite as a unrestrained signifier. Roger Scruton see the construct of infinite is a consequence of an chesty architects systematic mistake. In the position of Scuton, infinite is non a thing in itself, but simply the antonym of physical entities, that is, the staying of the houses. The infinite of the Fieldss and interior infinite within the church seem no difference except the ornament of the church.Hillier made an illation about the beginnings of Scruton Descartes thought that the first property of material designs is their extension , which are the properties can be measured, such as length, tallness and breadth. All of these do non trust on worlds. And the 2nd property is, to some extent, dependant on the subjective feeling of worlds, such as green or good . Widening to the construct of infinite, taking the objects from the infinite it occupies, the extension still exist. And this is an property of infinite. Therefore, infinite can be summarized as an extension without object. So when we remove the object from the infinite it occupies, we do non believe that the extension of the infinite has besides been removed.In this position, infinite is matching to the physical properties being defined so it becomes a mensurable belongings of material objects. Hillier believes that one time look upon the infinite from this position, you can non understand how it works in the infinite of human events. From the position of civilization and society, infinite is non merely a impersonal model of societal and cultural concept, but to the full integrated into the societal and cultural signifiers. Human behaviour is non easy occur in the infinite, but has its ain spacial forms.In the subdivision of space as configuration , the relationship between infinite and society does non be on the degree of a individual infinite or the person s activities, but in the constellation of human and infinite. From this subdivision, the layout of spacial relationships is converted into J-diagram ( Figure accommodation ) to make analysis ( p. 11 ) .The demand for an uninflected theory of architectureArchitectural theory is to utilize the constructs, words and Numberss to depict the unexpressible intuition, seeking to uncover one or a fewer unexpressible regulations. Possibly we can state that architectural theory is seeking to make a inexpressible technology , which we can manage those unexpressible signifiers, figuration and spacial forms. At least in some facets, architectural theory describes and steer the design. So in the footings of design, we can state architectural theory is an effort to manipulate edifice design.The architectural theory discussed more in standardized in the yesteryear. They are deficiency of analysis. This is because those unexpressible engineerings merely depict a certain type of figu ration.P36 After tonss of treatment about construct of rule and theory , the first measure of seting frontward the theory is the standardization of construct. And so get down to construct our inexpressible technology . The method Hillier used is turning the existent infinite into abstract infinite, to acquire a clear apprehension of these features. Using abstract machinate system replace the infinite with object. In this system, the axis represent the belongingss which can be ruled.P38 With this co-ordinate system, change overing the belongingss of object into coordinate infinite and turn uping the object by utilizing a series of points. So the regularity of the belongings was revealed. This is a basic recording method, which can enter the similarities, differences and relationship between objects in an nonsubjective and independent manner. However, it should be noticed that what we have seen is non the theory. It is the procedure theoretical accounts produce those regulations.In t he book, many of the constructs are divided into two different dimension of belongingss by dichotomy , such as the scientific and artistic of the architecture ( p.31 ) . For illustration, architecture is defined as a object and a activity at the corresponding clip ( p.5 ) . And the most of import conceptual differentiation is the standardisation and analytic of architectural theory.Architectural theory by and large appears in normative manner. However, on a deeper degree, it is no less than scientific theories about analytic. Architectural theory is non and can non be a simple regulation. At least, it is a composite of analytic and normative. If the analysis of the theory is incorrect, so the design will non be successful. Architectural theory Tells us how the universe should be like, but we foremost have to experience what sort of universe it is. ( p.29 )Why architectural theory should utilize in this alone signifier? The reply lies in the kernel of the work of designers. To be m ore specific, it is the design. The kernel of design is an activity. It raises all sorts of issues, and architectural theoretician using theory in the signifier of analysis and normative and propose solutions to these jobs. The kernel of the procedure of design is create and anticipation. Theories are used to back up the procedure of create and the analysis of calculating procedure.R. A. Scruton, A Short History of Modern Philosophy from Descartes to Wittgenstein, ARK Paperbacks,1984.

History of Cheese Essay

In developing a search strategy the most important thing is to decide on the keywords that sum up the information one wants. In my research paper I am researching on the history of lay off. The keywords in my topic are history and discontinue. The synonyms of high mallowflower embroil cheese flower, high mallow, malva sylvestris and tall mallow. History synonyms include account, chronicle and story. give up production and consumption has proliferated all over the world since its husking old age ago. This is due to its availability in the stores all over the world.The process of making is also easy and the ingredients that are apply in its production are tardily presented. The main ingredient is milk. Production of cheese has been converted from dainty scale production to large scale production as years since its discovery hap (Martin 12). Cheese refers to a group of milk-based foods which come in different flavors, forms and textures. It comprises of proteins and fat that is gotdecade from milk. The milk is produced by cows, goats, sheep or buffaloes (Harbutt 8). Cheese is produced by curdling of milk protein.The small-scale is acidified and an enzyme called rennet is added to cause the curdling. The material and liquid are separated and modeled into different forms and shapes. There are a variety of cheese that includes cheddar, camembert, stilton and parmesan. The history of cheese accord to a study done at the University of Georgia was discovered by an accident. An Arabian merchant was carrying milk in a pouch. The pouch made from a sheeps skin contained rennin. Due to the scorching heat from the sun, the enzyme rennin was activated causing the milk to turn into solid curds.Though the exact time of the discovery of cheese is unknown, cheese appeared 3500BC. It was widely utilise in Asia and then migrated to Europe. Cheese was mentioned in Homers epic, The Odyssey. In the scene the Cyclops is making cheese and placing in wicker (University of Georgia 1). In the early days of cheese production, milk from different sources was mixed, and a variety of seasonings added to produce abundant flavors. Cheese was introduced in America after Mayflower landed and became a staple component in many American households.The first cheese factory was established in 1851 in Oneida County, New York. The Jesse Williams factory eliminated the production of cheese individually or by local farms. This flourished the production of cheese (Sokol 2). Writers like Richard claims that cheese was first fabrication in the Middle East. It was in form of sour milk which came into being after it was discovered that domesticated animals could be milked. It was observed that milk left in a container turned into a solid especially in hot temperatures. The curds and whey that were gotten from milk were discovered to be edible.The history of cheese is also mentioned in the old testament of the bible. David was fed with cheese of kine when he escaped across the river Jordan. David was also asked to bring with him ten cheeses to his commander of his brothers as they were participating in the battle against the philistines (Sokol 2). The ingredient of cheese is mostly milk. All kinds of milk like reindeer, caribou, yak, and llama have been used to produce cheese. In the process of cheese production, Sokol in his book, And Thats How You Make Cheese claims that protein in the milk is curdled and separated from water.The curdles are cut, cooked, drained and pressed to drain out to a greater extent water. This leads to the production of a solid cheese that can be sliced. Archeologists that were excavating lake dwellings on the shores of Lake Neuchatel found potsherds that had pierced with holes. The findings dated back to six-spot hundred years before Christ. The vessels had been used as drainers that were used to separate curds from whey (Toussaint-Samat 103). This made them conclude that the production of cheese which was mainly from shee p and goats milk had been done on their land earlier.Cheese contains high density of innate nutrients. Some of these nutrients include quality proteins and calcium that help in the development of the body. The invention of cheese grew tremendously due to the many benefits that are accrued from it. Cheese contains high concentration of calcium that helps in cavity prevention in the teeth. It helps in the development of strong teeth because it has low concentration of lactose. The consumption of cheese after a meal such as cheddar, Swiss, Brie and Monterey helps in the prevention of excessivelyth decay.Cheese has also been proven to prevent cancer due to its high concentration of conjugated Linoleic acid and Sphingolipids (Roberts, Petrini and Hooper 350). The cheese business has thrived in the world greatly due to the large profits accrued from the industry. Cheese production and consumption has change magnitude all over the world. Companies have cropped up and ventured in the in dustry thus creating a viable business enterprise. Some of the companies like the Arena Cheese factory, Aria Foods, Inc and Andrew & Everett are some of the companies that have ventured in the cheese industry.They have enabled many households to enjoy wide variety of cheese after their meals. Cheese like the Provolone and Ricotta are used as appetizers, salads. They are first refrigerated and wrapped in order to retain freshness. Other types of cheese like the Parmesan and Roman are grated on soups, prize and spaghettis. Camembert cheese is used o crackers or with fruit that help in appetizers and desserts. It is first refrigerated during storage and preserved in a temperature controlled room.The unify States is the largest producer of cheese in the world. This has been facilitated by the large supply of milk in the US. The United States has dedicated large amount of funds and time on investment and research work. The availability of large farms involved in milk production has als o contributed to the production of cheese in the US. There are more than four hundred and fifty plants in the United States dealing in cheese production. The companies operate on a strict sanitary and quality standards discipline up to control the cheese industry.This has helped the United States to position itself as the premium cheese supplier (Pastorino, Hansen and McMahon 67). One of the most popular types of cheese is Roquefort. This cheese travel in the family of blue veined cheese because throughout the cheese, there are thin blue lines amidst the cream colored cheese. Originally produced in Southern France, it has move across the world as a favorite of so many. For this cheese, one can choose between goat, sheep, and cow milk.The sheep the French use to make their cheese are fed grass in which there is a high level of limestone or calcium carbonate. Cheese-France 1) If the milk has too much or too little acid in it, a different cheese may be formed or the milk can spoil a t a faster rate and therefore making an unappetizing block of cheese. The limestone helps balance the pH level and acts as a buffer. At time the cheese overlord adds rennet, to start the curdling process, and then must wait at least two hours to allow the rennet to form. People cant eat Roquefort cheese because of an allergy to penicillin. As one article states, The traditional way of getting penicillium is to place loaves of bread in a dark, damp space, and letting them mold.After ten weeks the bread crust is pealed back to reveal the inside of the bread, which is nothing more than a fine green powder, the powder is called penicillium. After combining the bacteria with the curd, the cheese begins to take shape but, the cheese needs to monitored because many other byproducts must be removed throughout the curdling process. Once the salt has settled, the cheese maker must put holes into the cheese to allow the carbon dioxide to release into the air. The cheese maker will receive hi s final product about six months later, as the bacterium is hard at for that long. Encyclop? dia Britannica 1) Cheese since its discovery has evolved in a great way. The production of cheese used to be in small scales during the early years. Today it is produced commercially by large companies. The use of cheese has also changed from the time when it was used as food. Cheese is currently used in prevention of teeth cavities, salad and preservatives. This shows that since cheese was invented tremendous changes have been experienced thus leading to its development to what it is in the present world (Sokol 29).

Pricing Strategy and Channel Distribution Essay

Pricing Strategy and Channel Distribution Senior Concierge Services Kelly Spino straggler University Dr. Robert Badowski Abstract Determine and discuss a determine strategy (penetration or skimming). Determine and discuss pricing tactics (product line pricing, value pricing, differential pricing, or competing against private brands) to be employ for your product. Identify any legal and ethical issues related to the pricing tactics. Prepare a market distribution channel abstract identifying the wholesaler, distributor, and retailer relationships.Discuss how the distribution strategy fits the product/service, target market, and overall marketing objectives for the company. As a service business, Senior Concierge Service will twirl non medical give care and maintenance for senior citizens and their families. This type of service business does not constitute many competitors, and pricing is consistent among the senior care industry. The pricing strategy for Senior Concierge Servic e will be to stay within the normal range for its services.Consumers will choose Senior Concierge Service over the opposition not by apostrophize, but by the quality of services offered. Price skimming is a pricing strategy in which a marketer sets a relatively high determine for a product or service at first, and then the scathe is lowered over time. This is a version of price discrimination. Price skimming allows a business to recover its resources quickly before a competitor moves in and lowers their prices, lowering the market price. The objective of a price skimming strategy is to capture the consumer surplus. There are several potential problems with this strategy.It is effective only when a business is facing an inelastic take up carouse (demand that is not very sensitive to a change in price). Skimming encourages the entry of competitors. Penetration pricing is a much suitable strategy in this case. This strategy is a pricing technique of setting a relatively low init ial entry price, often lower than the market price, to attract mod nodes. This strategy works on the probability that customers will switch to the new business because of the lower price. Penetration pricing is most commonly associated with a marketing objective of increasing market hare or sales volume, rather than to make profit in the short term. This fanny take the competition by surprise, not giving them time to react. It can also create goodwill among the early customer segment. This can create more trade through battle cry of mouth. Ethical thinking is responding to situations that deal with principles concerning human behavior in respect to the appropriateness and inappropriateness of certain communication and to the decency and indecency of the intention and results of such actions (distinctions among right and wrong).Marketers are ethically responsible for what is marketed and the image that a product portrays. Marketers need to understand what good ethics are and ho w to in unified good ethics in various marketing campaigns to better reach a targeted audience and to gain trust from customers. (Wikipedia. com) Unethical or controversial marketing strategies include chew up and switch, pyramid scheme, plotted obsolescence, lock-in/ loyalty schemes, viral marketing, and, monopolies/oligopolies.In retail sales, a bait and switch is a form of fraud in which the party putting forth the fraud lures in customers by advertising a product or service at an unprofitably low price, and then reveals to potential customers that the advertize good is not available but that a substitute is. A pyramid scheme is a non-sustainable business model that involves the exchange of money mainly for enrolling other sight into the scheme, without any product or service being delivered. Pyramid schemes are a form of fraud.The scheme collapses when no more people are willing to join the pyramid Planned obsolescence is the process of a product becoming obsolete or non-fu nctional after a certain consummation or amount of use in a way that is planned or designed by the manufacturer. The purpose of planned obsolescence is to hide the real cost per use from the consumer, and charge a higher price than they would otherwise be willing to pay, or would be unwilling to spend all at once. For industries, planned obsolescence stimulates demand by encouraging purchasers to buy sooner if they still want a functioning product.In business, vendor lock-in or customer lock-in, makes a customer dependent on a vendor for products and services, unable to use another vendor without substantial switching costs. Lock-in costs which create barriers to market entry whitethorn result in antitrust action against a monopoly. Loyalty programs include frequent flier miles or points systems associated with credit card offers that can be used only with the original company, creating a perceived loss or cost when switching to a competitor.Most programs are able to get consumers to spend more money just to get to free or bonus item. Viral marketing and viral advertising refer to marketing techniques that use pre-existing loving networks to produce increases in brand awareness. It can be word-of-mouth delivered or enhanced by the network effects of the Internet. Monopolies and oligopolies often use anti-competitive practices, which can have a negative impact on the economy. This is why company mergers are often examined closely by government regulators to avoid reducing competition in an industry.Since this business caters to seniors and their families, it is especially important for Senior Concierge Services to represent quality, value and confidence in its services and staff. The success of this company depends on compassionate, trustworthy, conscientious, and ethical care givers providing non-medical in-home care. A different take on the loyalty program would allow customers to receive a discount after x amount of service visits or when prepaying for mul tiple services. A marketing distribution channel analysis is a means used to transfer merchandise from the manufacturer to the end user.An intermediary in the channel is called a middleman. Channels normally range from two-level channels without intermediaries to five-level channels with three intermediaries. Intermediaries in the channel of distribution are used to facilitate the bringing of the merchandise as well as to transfer title, payments, and information about the merchandise. Distribution describes all the logistics involved in delivering a companys products or services to the right place, at the right time, for the lowest cost. For many products and services, their manufacturers or providers use multiple channels of distribution.Well-chosen channels constitute a strong competitive advantage, while poorly conceived or chosen channels can doom even a superior product or service to adversity in the market. Distribution channels may not be restricted to physical products a lone. They may be just as important for moving a service from producer to consumer in certain sectors, since both direct and indirect channels may be used. There have also been some innovations in the distribution of services, such as an increase in franchising and in rental services. There has also been some indication hat service integration can benefit many providers. Senior Concierge Services will look to link with other service providers to create a mutually beneficial arrangement. Medical providers, beauticians, landscapers and commonplace contractors would all be a good fit with the services offered. A distribution strategy defines how a business is going to create and satisfy demand for its products how a business is going to move products from point of creation to points of consumption, in a cost-effective manner as well as defining how a business is going to manage its brand.Todays customers stigmatise and buy very differently than ever before. Access to high-quality inf ormation, via the internet, combined with their heightened price sensitivity, has created customers that are more sophisticated, better informed and often times, more demanding than customers of the past. A distribution strategy must be in sync with how the customers of Senior Concierge Service want to shop for services. Franchising is an option worth considering. For a fee, a small business owner can take advantage of the marketing research completed at the corporate level.

Operations Management: Quadruples Restaurant Case Essay

Can these kinds of client response data be obtained reliably, systematic all in ally, and cheaply enough for a restaurant? If so, how?This type of data could be gotten by adding heap questions to a receipt given to a customer with a few questions relating to the P arto chart (Ex B). This can also be done by observation of multitude (ess) when propagation are not busy noting customers body language. Also managers can go around to tables and ask how their meal was, and if anything was unsatisfactory. The important thing is to have a log of this data, which can be analyzed, at the end of each week and solutions implemented at the beginning of each week to try and resolve problems right away as they develop.One type of bias the restaurant may have to worry about is the concept of self-selection, where a someone who has a bounteous hear is more likely to voice their opinion than one who has not.Another great example of how this data can be obtained is through benchmarking and compe titive analysis, looking at how other competitors deal with their problems and applying the best solution to a given case. Benchmarking can easily help provide better service to customers by applying the best practices run aground in leading restaurants.Which of the Exhibit B complaints are natural targets for continuous improvement in the restaurant (or any enlightened firm), thus, perhaps, not requiring solicitation of customer inputs to reveal the target for problem solving?The of course obvious and most logical answer would be all elements could be improved upon. As weve discussed in class, if you arent improving your product/service your loosing ground. However I choose ones that could immediately be implemented through better training of the servers/busboys. In referencing the Pareto chart of Complaints Room too drafty, Table not clean, Buffet table not well organized, Missing utensil at place setting, no ashtray on table, and had to holdup too long for coffee could all be elements of continuous improvement.An example of how a problem could be solved is(G), simply setting up a smoking section where ashtrays are a mainstay at the table, if this cannot be implemented simply having the host(ess) after asking smoking/non bring a ashtray to the table, or after determining the size of the party have the host (ess) gather the utensils (the basket under the greeting table) before showing them to their table. The one I give tongue to could not be immediately improved upon is the room being too drafty, this may require a more physical solution such as adding another set of doors to the entrance thus alleviating draft cause through the entranceway.The solutions can be developed through training the staff, (i.e. busboys, servers, host (ess)) to have a mental checklist of what needs to go on a table before it is ready to be sat, and having the host (ess) make sure they are seating concourse in the appropriate section (i.e. enough utensils, ashtrays, etc).All of the complaints in Exhibit B clearly are things customers would notice. If restaurant staff, instead of customers, were asked to express their complaints, suggest at least five complaints that would probably come forth. To what extent could the staffs mind-set be altered so that they would worry about the same things as customers? How could this change occur?1) Angry/disgruntled customers low tips, not due to service2) Too many tables designated at a time for one person3) Too many hours better scheduling4) Managers who dont consider the individual not concerned about your problems5) Kitchen not staffed adequately during peak times customers are angry and take it out on serversA way of getting staffs mindset to change is remind them of all their bad experiences in restaurants, getting the staff to own the problem. This canbe done in a monthly training sessions where customer complaints are voiced to all the staff showing them that there is a problem. Even showing how better servic e can mean more money to them is a high motivator. demonstrate that you are going to make changes to better both the customer and the staff to make the workplace an environment where information is freely shared and solutions can be brought in house before going for outside the restaurant (i.e. corporate). Most importantly market each improvement, boast to your staff about how quickly problems are resolved, make your restaurant the one others are trying to benchmark for your best practices.

Sumatran Orangutan

The pongo abelii (Sumatran Orangutan) is classed as critically endangered under the IUCN red list. In 1994 the estimated number of Sumatran orangutan was 12,000. This number declined hike in 2003 where the estimate shown 7,300 and again in 2008, estimating 6,500. This clearly is a massive reduction in the species world at a loss of 5500 orangutans in a 14 year period. The Sumatran orangutan lives on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia, and is commonly found in the lowland and hilly tropical rainforests.Indonesias forests are threatened with judicial and illegal logging and deforestation. This is a huge problem, not only to the orangutans but also to other plant and animal life. This is a difficult living shoes for the orangutan, which are living in little areas which are located at the northern region of the island. With this consisting of lesser forest areas, this offers ease for the poachers and hunters. One of the bigger problems of this valet de chambre threat to orangutans is the illegal pet trade.The poacher will have to kill the mother of the young they are snatching. This leaves the younger defenseless as they require boot to survive. The younger orangutan is seen as a popular pet. This can also result in further decline in numbers as there are more being killed therefore less being unable to breed. The breeding period of the orangutan is much slower than that of any other primate. The smaller number of offspring being produced is not able to meet the rapidly decreasing orangutan population.Over time this will develop into a worsened state as the decreasing numbers worsen. I have chosen to prioritize the pongo abelli (Sumatran orangutan). This is because of the current conservation status labeled on this species. The convalescence of this species will be slow. Although the threats to the orangutan are similar to that of the other species, they are incapable of producing larger numbers to cope with the much needed larger population in order to exis t and are more capable of becoming extinct.

International Ballroom

Bachate is a unique spring that I have the privileged to learn in my PE-154 international ballroom dance class taught by professor Jane Edwards. This dance originated from the Dominican Republic. It can be difficult to identify the precise style of the Bachata collectable to the fact that atomic number 18 so many variations throughout the founding. However, in all of these different styles throughout the world thither are the same basic go with a tap with hip movement on the 4th beat. The original style of Bachata was developed with the music in the 1950s and 1960s.This dance was well cognize in the countryside and rural neighborhoods. The creation of the Bachata is given credit to the servants of large households who were the first ones to use the movements and steps. Musicians would use nonchalant items like trash cans and fences to create music. The term Bachata is said to mean trash, however, other desire it is actually a word for party. For a time the Bachate was provid ed affiliated with the poorer parts of Dominican society forcing these styles of dance only to be performed in the rougher parts of town like brothels and bars, which only further tarnished its name.Nevertheless, the increased popularity of the music finally caused Bachata to be accepted by the upper classes of Dominican society. There also are some skeptics that believe that the dance was brought over from Italy from an Italian Ballata. Bachata is known to be connect the emotions of romance and heart ache. There are five main styles of Bachata, the Original, Traditional, Modern, Bachatango, and Ballroom. The original is the basic style that can alternate between an open and close position.The traditional is a simpler style that was developed in the late 1990s with a basic steps side to side changing direction after every tap. The modern style began around 2005 and is an abridgment of the traditional style. This still is believed to originate from Spain. The modern has the basic Bachata steps with the integration of salsa, tango, zouk-lambada, and ballroom. The bachatango it true to its name and is a mixture of Baracha and Tango. The Ballroom is a style used in various formal dance competitions and there is an extreme use of the hips all throughout the music.

Bullying: who does what, when and where? Essay

In this paper, intimidate was defined as a form of aggressive behavior or negative actions reoccurring everyplace time between children who bully and those who are victimized (Fekkes, Pijpers, & Verloove-Vanhorick, 2005). Furthermore, Fekkes et al. (2005) suggested browbeat as a conclave phenomenon involving not only the bullies and their victims, but also the bystanders. Other problems addressed by this research include the negative disturb intimidate has on childrens mental and physical health and the level of involvement that is necessary for stiff noise strategies to be successful.The specific research questions posed investigated the extent to which children are involved in bullying behavior, the level of involvement of others (i. e. , teachers, parents, classmates), and the effectiveness of current intervention strategies used to tick bullying behaviors. The purpose of the information presented by this research was to gather information and to utilize that informati on to compose novel efforts in combating bullying in schools. Fekkes et al. (2005) presented a extend of empirical literature to support the need for this research.Studies by Williams et al. , (1996) Salmon et al. , (1998) and Forero et al. , (1999) were included to support the problem of negative health issues associated with bullying behaviors (as cited in Fekkes et al. , 2005). Studies by Atlas and Pepler (1998) and Hawkins et al. (2001) supported the tone of bullying as a group phenomenon and the effectiveness of bystander intervention (as cited in Fekkes et al. , 2005). Participants in this moot were 2766 children from 32 Dutch elementary schools.These children had participated in a longitudinal study on the effectiveness of an anti-bullying policy at schools. It is important to note that the data were collected prior to any implementation of the anti-bullying policy. In November 1999, children from 9 to 11 years old were administered a questionnaire in the classroom. The q uestionnaire addressed frequency of bullying behaviors, types of bullying behaviors, where bullying behaviors took place, who intervened to stop the bullying, and whether or not the interventions were successful.According to Liebrand et al. (1994), Mooij (1992), and Olweus (1994), this questionnaire was based on the Dutch version of the Olweus ruffian/Victim Questionnaire, a well-documented questionnaire that was used in numerous studies on bullying (as cited in Fekkes et al. , 2005). Using statistical analyses to analyze the data from the questionnaires, Fekkes et al. (2005) assemble that active bullying was prevalent at schools. Physical forms of bullying behaviors, much(prenominal) as impinging or pushing, were found to be most typical of boys.Girls were found to initiate bullying behaviors that were relational in nature, such as isolation tactics and rumor spreading. Bullying was found to take place on the playground as well as in the classroom. N beforehand(predicate) half of children being bullied did not root word it to their teacher but did speak to their parents about it. A similar finding was also reported by Whitney and Smith (1993) (as cited in Fekkes et al. , 2005). Intervention attempts by teachers were found to have little effect, if any, on bullying occurrences. all of these findings provided the insight needed to recommend future intervention strategies.The prevalence of bullying behaviors among children in this age group was found to be consistent with the findings of similar studies conducted cross-culturally. Fekkes et al. (2005) compared the findings of this study to others in Norway, the UK, Italy, and Germany. With regard to gender differences in bullying behaviors, Whitney and Smith (1993), Borg (1999), Junger-Tas and van Kesteren (1999) found similar results among the direct and indirect nature of bullying behaviors among boys and girls (as cited in Fekkes et al. , 2005).Olweus (1993a) found that levels of bullying were lower on playgrounds with more teachers present (as cited in Fekkes et al. , 2005). Consistent with Whitney and Smiths (1993) study and Rivers and Smiths (1994) study, teachers are not regularly told about incidents of bullying behaviors by victimized children (as cited in Fekkes et al. , 2005). Because so many of the findings of this paper were consistent with other studies, the next logical timber for future researchers would be to systematically integrate the various aspects of this topic into an intervention model with a comprehensive approach.Fekkes et al. (2005) recommended many strategies to do such interventions. One such recommendation acresd that teachers should create an environment in which children feel roaring talking about their negative bullying experiences. Olweus (1993a) suggested the establishment of class rules aimed at minimizing bullying behavior (as cited in Fekkes et al. , 2005). Fekkes et al. further suggested that in addition to establishing class rules to minim ize bullying behaviors, class discussion of the rules on a regular basis may aid in establishing an anti-bullying culture within that community.Another possible step for future research may be to replicate the study with a younger set of participants. data collected from a younger age group may provide more insight into the early stages of bullying behaviors and early intervention strategies may aid in minimizing the prevalence of incidents of bullying in the high elementary grades. Overall, I believe this study provided some valuable insight with regard to prevalence of bullying behaviors without the aid of an established intervention program.One of the strengths of this study was its large number of participants as well as findings which were consistent in similar studies in other countries. Such a large sample size of it provides for a clear snapshot of the pervasiveness of this problem. An additional strength of this study involves its use of an adapted version of the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire which has been used in many studies on bullying. Using such a well-documented tool lends to the unison of the findings across multiple studies. Something that stood out to me was that there was no mention of effects of bullying behaviors on confederate bystanders, positive or negative.I feel this was a boundary because bystanders were referred to as having a certain dot of power when taught effective intervention strategies Fekkes et al. , 2005). Another limitation I observed was the limited age range of the participants. I feel that with younger participants, it may be possible to do comparison studies to try to ace just when bullying behaviors begin to surface within the social structure of the classroom. A final limitation of this study was its use of a quantitative design to address issues more qualitative in nature. Fekkes et al.(2005) state that the aim of the data presented was to provide insight on the topic. This may be more effectively comp leted by doing a current literature review on the prevalence of bullying behaviors and current intervention strategies. Fekkes et al. (2005) describe their current involvement in a project aimed toward development of anti-bullying policies within schools in the Netherlands. They also describe how this study will be used in that capacity. This paper being linked to such a project also raises questions for me about the integrity of the purpose of the study.

Behavior Modifying Drugs Essay

minimal brain damage is a common behavioural illness that affects an estimated 8% to 10% of people in the United States (Kutscher). Boys atomic number 18 about lead times more likely than girls to be diagnosed with it, though it is not yet unders besidesd why. Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder slackly seduce fusss paying attention or concentrating. They cannot seem to follow directions and are easily bored or frustrated with tasks. They too tend to move constantly and are impulsive, not stopping to think to begin with they act. These behaviors are gener eithery common in children.But they occur more often than usual and are more severe in a child with hyperkinetic syndrome. These behaviors that are common with ADHD interfere with a childs ability to function at school and at home. Adults with ADHD may ask difficulty with time management, organizational skills, goal setting, and employment. They may also have puzzles with relationships, self-esteem, and addictions. Doctors may be too quick in diagnosing the patient with ADHD and prescribing them drugs to treat the problem. This is not the best method all the time, as these drugs have proved to be dangerous and sometimes fatal.The use of behavior modifying drugs should be handle only as a last resort after fork all overing other treatments or alternatives for the problem because of the variant risks that come along with the drugs. Children may have a problem that needs to be tended to(p) too, but drugs should not always be the first option selected. There are a favourable percentage of the millions of children in the United States, as well as around the world that suffer from ADHD, abounding to be attentive to this disorder.For example, the different types of behavioral problems that are associated with the disease is explained Children suffering from behavioral disorders can scupper behaviors such as distractibility, lack of focus, anxiety, and hostility (Chittom). This immortalizes how children may have problems in behavior, and how to notice the indications of ADHD. This also proves how children experiencing symptoms of ADHD may be a distraction in an learning environment and or elsewhere.The disorder exponent be due to biological means. For instance, in counterpoint The Risks of Behavioral Drugs Outweigh the Benefits, Lynn-Nore Chittom says, Medical providers believe that the disorder is directly linked to the brains inability to justly process serotonin or dopamine (Chittom). This shows how ADHD is actualized in scientific means. This also evinces the point that it could be a genetic disorder passed down(a) generation to generation to children and is unpr steadytable in a case such as that.When ones child has ADHD, they energy want the quick scapegoat or in fact want to try a cure the problem as best as possible. But, drugs would not always prove to be the best choice for these parents. This could be seen in contrast The Risks of Behavi oral Drugs Outweigh the Benefits, where drugs can cause even so more problems These intense behavioral responses to medications intended to resolve issues such as distractibility, hyperactivity, and impulse control may exchange one altercate for another in the children cosmos medicated (Chittom).This depicts that by using medications to financial aid the childrens problem it could backfire and create a whole new problem, maybe as or even more severe than the original one. What one power obtain from this is that the use of drugs in efforts of helping children with ADHD might be more problematic than the actual issue to start with. The risks of drugs are very proud and may be very harmful to the children overconfident them. In many cases, drugs apply to treat ADHD have caused more harm than there intended purpose to help the base problem.As a case in point, Lynn-nore Chittom says, Research showed that a group of drugs known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) incr eased both the incidence of suicide and the potential for suicidal thought among children and adolescents This is of particular concern ground on the fact that some students responsible for school shootings in recent years were known to have been subscribed SSRIs (Chittom). This indicates that children may be harmed or harmful while taking these types of drugs.This also shows how the childrens minds might be manipulated by these drugs and may cause suicidal tendencies. Expanding on this issue A drug normally used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) disorder in children, teens and adults has been linked to numerous adverse reactions, including suicide attempts, Health Canada has warned. In its adverse reactions newsletter from July 2008, the health agency warns that Atomoxetine (Strattera), a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, had been linked to 189 inform adverse reactions as of Dec. 1, 2007. Fifty-five of those included suicide attempts, a designation that e ncompasses non-accidental overdoses, showing suicidal tendencies and experiencing thoughts of self-harm. cardinal of the patients recovered, three had not by Dec. 31, 2007, and one patient died. Data was not available for the remaining 22 patients. (Kutscher) Among the 55 suicide attempts reported in connection with the drug, 43 were among children between the ages of 6 and 17. Twelve were among adults ranging in age from 18 to 45.There are also other concerns that come along with the drugs. For instance, in Counterpoint The Risks of Behavioral Drugs Outweigh the Benefits, Lynn-Nore Chittom states that in addition to the risks of and medical side effects, children may also experience the mental and excited stigma of being told they require medication to be normal, children may develop a low or negative self-esteem from being forced to take pills (Chittom). This is inferring that the childrens self compass may be lowered and may train them to be unconfident people in life.This al so shows how the children might, over time, become dependent on the drugs rather than developing appropriate life skills. Furthermore, the complications are explicated in Counterpoint The Risks of Behavioral Drugs Outweigh the Benefits, when Lynn-nore Chittom says that parents, teachers, and doctors may be turning to prescription drugs in an attempt to fix emotional problems by medicating them. This could lead to drug abuse later in life, particularly under the pressures of a college workload, a new job, or other life changes (Chittom).There are different, more suitable methods of treating these children with ADHD. These methods include different therapies and contrivances in succeeding the main goal of helping cure the problem. For instance, these therapies are illustrated Beyond good parenting and instruction strategies, agencies that offer outside help through creative therapies should be employed whenever possible With the help of gip therapy, music therapy, art therapy, langu age therapy, and cognitive-behavior therapy, children can attempt to cut into their potential before medication is order (Chittom).This argues the different approaches of using more natural cure rather than the drug direction. This also shows how the children can reach their full potential before thinking about medications to give them. Equally important, the parental aspect of this problem could be the answer of leading the children in the right direction. For example, how the children could change with the help and support of parents and elders is described much children with ADHD and autism spectrum disorders are intelligent and creative.Rather than medicating the children to make them normal, parents and teachers should explore ways to learn their strengths and challenge the children to excel in their natural talents (Chittom). This explains how many children with this disorder are usually very talented and intelligent. This also shows how parents and teachers could positive ly send their lives in the right direction if they are cooperative and encouraging. Moreover, with the right support, these children will encounter more accepted and better about themselves, rather than feeling like they are bad unless they are drugged into normality.Some anti-depressants and other behavior modifying drugs may be of great affectivity for some children if one uses them properly and not excessively. In severe cases, children may be greatly benefitted from medications. These may help them perform in school better and allow their behavior to change into a self-controlled and mannerly people. For example, the affects of the drugs are explained These drugs have been hailed as safe and effective miracle drugs But, critics argue that SSRIs are often given needlessly (Lee).This shows how if the drugs are not used excessively and given to the right people that actually are in need of them, they may be very effective. When carefully and responsibly prescribed, the medications currently available to treat ADHD have been shown to be extremely effective in reducing symptoms. For instance, the different benefits is described Children with ADHD who are treated with Ritalin demonstrate a greater ability to concentrate in class, engage in fewer impulsive acts, show improvements in the quantity and the quality of their schoolwork, and are better able to interact socially with others (Lee).This shows how the children while being helped with the medications may perform better in school. This also suggests that the hostile urges are resolutely decreased as the drugs will calm them down. After all other options have been attempted first, drugs should only be prescribed to the children who have not been affected by the previous treatments. Parents and their children should desperately try together for other methods as to solving their behavior problems before turning to drugs.The first response from parents and teachers should be patience and creative behavioral ma nagement. The vital methodology in attempt to help children with ADHD is to first look for natural methods, and in the event of failure to see improvements in the children they may be benefitted by the drugs. The children with the extreme cases of ADHD might not have a natural method suitable for them, but usually it may help in a considerable way. On the whole, patience rather than pills can often be the detect to solving behavior problems in many children.

J. Joyce Clay

James Joyce was a pilot pointteller who loved to create plot and thematic nature centered on character palsy. His triumph came in his subtle ability to weave the main characters true essence of paralysis by easily debateping it into the veins of the commentator. Most of Joyces collection of stories casts men in the main graphic symbol where he follows the virile protagonist by strife. In Clay, how invariably, the bow follows a wo gentleman and her trials of separationa loss she denies is ever present due to her paralysis.As we attempt to unfold the meaning of James Joyces use of paralysis in his classic tale, Clay, one thing stands out. In most another(prenominal) published fiction, Joyce shows a perceptiveness to centre on the voice of the staminate character. Clay, however, is an exception. Here, his central characterthe protagonistis a young-bearing(prenominal). Yet, just because the focus of most of his fiction is set aside for the male sex, does that mean he hopes to glorify this sex? Hardly. We essential look into just how Joyce perceived the male character versus the effeminate character in his stories.From one front, we sack up ordain that, by-and-large, because his protagonists were male, on that point was some gender stereotyping going on in the mind of our author. We must, however, look profoundly into his use of paralysis as a central theme. This paralysis is not exactly a situation people prefer to be. However, many of us preciselyt relate to suffering, pain, and loss. These are some of the reasons Joyces story Clay is profoundly telling. Another interesting point to consider is this Was Joyce using men in the have role as an opportunity to place them on an award-winning podium?Or, was this an opportunity to bash the male gender? So just what was his biased reasoning behind rarely using female protagonists? Did he stereotype the female persona? Were his stories a form of gender racism? In answering this, it is out-of-doors that the main character suffered, to varying degrees of emotional, physical, and social discomfort. These charactersmale or femalewere not something a reader would aspire to. So, just because the role of the female protagonist was rare in a James Joyce story, there is not sound evidence that he preferred the male gender over the female gender.It could be argued, for instance, that his focus on the troubled male was his way of bashing this sex. Surely glory was not an overtone in Clay or many of his other published works of art. So we go to the next move Did Joyce treat women differently than his male roles? Some can argue that his paralysis-based stories were a chance for Joyce to belittle the female character. In Clay, mare, our protagonist was viewed as intimately distasteful to look at. However, maria didnt see it this way. At the very least, we can say that gender role stereotyping was prevalent.In facial expression at the female voice, we can see that he did place women in the mother/lover/wife role. In the male role position, we see that the character, Joe, is in a much freer position that mare. Albeit Joe did have a disease of his confess alcoholism. that, Joe was bidwise typecast in the head-of-household role, and the one who others reported toeven though he had a drinking problem. Yet, Maria was the protagonist, so the lead character is, obviously, going to be the sufferer anyway. Whats more important to hark back is the fact that James Joyce placed every(prenominal) his characters in debilitating situations.So, sexism doesnt seem a believably analysis behind the authors reasoning for creating much(prenominal) one-sided male character-based stories. If someone is looking for a hero or role model, regardless of sex, they go out not find it in Clay, or any of his short fiction paralysis-based stories. Joyce had deep reasoning behind staging the story of a maiden over and how she relates, reacts, and is portrayed by a family who shes work ed with for many years. Paralysis, erstwhile again, was Joyces underlying motive that created such magic on the page.Upon an initial read of this short classic, there appears to be very little natural process in the story, with the main thrust coming from emotion and thoughts surrounding Mariaour seemingly wafer-thin female who is loved and respected by those in her tone, at least according to Maria. All the characters in the story, in fact, appear to lack any depth. The spiritual epiphany seems to be missing as well. Maria, as transparent as she first appeared, is shown to reveal herself as a charismatic person who has a gift for touching others. Joyce, once again, did this with clever wit.The author loved to move the reader along at a smooth, almost smooth pace. Then, almost out of thin air, hed add tiny, silent bombs of description that spoke volumes virtually a characters past. Maria, for example, is referred to as a very, very small person indeed but she had a very long r oll and a very long chin. She talked a little by her nose, always soothingly Joyce, here, uses description of Marias facial features to tell so much more about her than the dimensions of her nose and chin. We are given a taste of her past a soft spoken, overgenerous woman who radiated joy in others by her willingness to aid her fellows in need.This radiating joy, however, is something that only Maria perceives. This nonadaptive means of viewing herself as lovely doesnt become fully apparent until we are through with the story for Joyce tugs this entire process of painting Marias emotional state with slow, yet deliberate, remarks. galore(postnominal) times its the way he casts a scene and how the minor characters act or ignore Maria that sincerely yours adds color to his theme of paralysis. According to Maria, people saw beyond her less than charismatic nose and chin, seeing her shimmering inner beauty shine forth.It was her actions and unconditional devotion that created her be autiful persona. However, Joyce goes on to use a narrator who works more like a thief. This thief of a narrator tells the tale in a voice that leads the reader off-course so he can hide the wealth of the true theme and moral. For, beyond Marias long nose, the narrator goes on to describe Maria as a petite, small-boned and attractive woman. Joyce does this as our Mariaa woman who is valued as reliable, caring, and wisegains pleasure by marveling over herself in the mirror.Joyce is so subtle that it doesnt hit the reader until he or she is 2 or three sentence beyond the scene where Maria gets pleasure out of looking at the soft, gentle slopes of her frame. But only Maria sees herself as lovely. The story opens with positive embellishments by her tea-party friends. They say she is appealing and hard- working, a woman with a knack for keeping-house. In effect, this is the minor characters way of patronizing Maria for her inefficiencies and housings as a maid. Joe, a man she worked f or, adds that she holds the standing of a proper mother whom he has form a deep bond with.Joyce wrote, Mamma is mamma but Maria is my proper mother Joyce, of course, twists things up nicely by adding the fact that Joe has a drinking problem. So, how reliable is he? Yet, even with his joy for booze, Joyce ties it all together with such clarity that the reader is willing to excuse Joes drinking problem and intromit him as a reliable source when he relates to how Maria has affected him. In comparison to other short stories by James Joyce, this is a rare example of a protagonist suffering from that subliminal paralysis who is actually liked by the other characters.Take Dubliners, for example. In Dubliners, the protagonist is viewed as change and lacking integrity. Maria, in contrast, receives preferential treatment by how the other characters voice their opinion of her. True they like her, but they also feel sorry for Maria. This is very empowering yet, at the same time, places the re ader on a cliff of wonder. How can this woman who is viewed so highly be suffering from a life-long paralysis? Something is amiss. But what? This is what makes Joyce such a master at toying with paralysis.A more introspective look at Maria reveals the warped perception she sees in herself. How can a woman look at her own long beak of a nose with bulging chin and consider it glamorous? When she laughed, wrote Joyce, her grey-green eyes sparkled with thwarted shyness and the tip of her nose nearly met the tip of her chin. Although the narrative voice is not Maria, per se, we can see that she fancies her own image, as referenced earlier. Maria screens out the fact that it would be a stretch to say that someone was beautiful if the tip of her nose nearly kissed her pointy chin when she laughed.Joyce mentioned that people ignore her in the pastry shop. Plus, when she is on the crowded tram, no oneinitiallyconsiders moving over to make a seat for her. Chivalry, back in the morning of the twentieth century, was much more prevalent than it is today. So why would almost every man on the tram offer her no consideration? Furthermore, there is a man who recognizes her and he offers his seat. But hes a drunk. Even the drunk had stealthy motives The drunk take her cake while on the tram, at least this is what could be inferred from the text.So, with careful examination, it becomes very clear that loving little Maria, is not the person she feels she is. While on the tram, Joyce hit readers with the following description that parallels her life of solitude. She will always be more than one step shy of fitting into the mold of the American centre class. In the following statement, Maria is placed in yet another metaphor where she is going in the wrong direction in her life. Joyce wrote, The tram was full and she had to sit on the little stool at the end of the car, facing all the people, with her toes barely touching the floor.The paralysis becomes more apparent when we an alyze Marias life as a single woman. She will never marry and is cementedtrappedinto working as a maid for the rest of her life. Joes family, somewhat secretly, mock Maria for living the life of a maid. never to be someones maiden. In fact, the initial take is that the family truly loves her. As the family gathers, Joe attempts to show some tact by bringing up the notion of everyone should take a drink, just to loosen up. Joe, of course, wants more port, to feed his alcoholic vice. Yet, at the same time he infers that Maria, too, should take a drink.That way she can forget about her sorrowful life. Joe even insists that Maria take a drink. Maria, still blinded by her own faults, refuses the drink. As the story closes, Maria sings a few stanzas of a poem that speak of the fact that she will never live the wealthy life. This singing even brings part to Joes eyes. The reader, once again, is left to wonder this Is Joe sinking into the depression of alcohol? Or is he tone of voice sorr y for Maria? That is left to the readers imagination. One thing is certain, though Maria will never keep down the paralysis that stymies her.

Internal Corporate Communication on Strategy

interior corporeal converse on dodging and employee loading International wrinkle confabulation Masters thebaby Michele Fenech 2013 Department of converse Aalto University School of stemma Powered by TCPDF (www. tcpdf. org) infixed incarnate conference on dodging A CRITICAL COMPARISON OF and employee consignment EUROPEAN DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCES IN THE CONTEXT OF INTRA-COMMUNITY SUPPLIES Master? s The babe Masters thesis Katharina ele Fenech ? MichWeber 26. 09. 2012 2013 Spring International Business International Business Communication canonic by the head of the Department of Management and International Business __. __. 20__ and awarded the grade ___________________ Approved in the Department of Communication / / 20 and awarded the grade AALTO UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF BUSINESS International Business Communication Maters Thesis Mich? le Fenech e ABSTRACT 02-02-2013 inhering somatic colloquy on step forwardline and employee commitment Objectives of the report This Maste rs thesis had tether objectives. The ? rst objective was to examine the employees necessarily and preferences of the gunject comp eachs subjective confabulation bring, speci? ally national integrated chat channels that convey the confederacys bodily scheme. The second was to investigate success of the ind considerablying come inline ( in bodily) chat by analysing the employees selective reading of their dodge knowledge. The third was to look for the similarity betwixt versed schema ( corporeal) chat (ISCC) and employee commitment. methodology and theoretical frame excogitate The explore method was a single-case force field and the data was collected delectation a background study, semi-structured inter weighs and a survey. The qualitative data was analysed and emerging patterns were identi? d, whereas the quantitative data was statistically analysed exploitation the R programming environment. The theoretical framework presents how intragroup embodie d communicating conveys corporate scheme messages via well-fixed and lean media, how the channel attri preciselyes affect employee preference and choice, and how the chat and interpretation of the dodging eventually conduce in commitment. Findings and conclusions of the study In the case come with, top-down and primarily one- itinerary indwelling corporate dialogue conveying schema (ISCC) met the employees ineluctably better than lateral and bipartizan infixed schema communion.The involve were recognised to accommodate gaining egressline knowledge, gaining ability to use the knowledge, and reducing equivocality and uncertainty. Apart from the needs, the employees dialogue channel preferences and comfort seemed to be touch more(prenominal)(prenominal) with the channel accessibility and in jumpation quality attributes than with the richness of the channel. indwelling outline (corporate) colloquy (ISCC) was triple-crown because the employees graspd to go corporate dodging knowledge. This dodge knowledge had a strong semblanceship with employee commitment, especially affective commitment.The main(prenominal) implication of this study was the recommendation that companies invest resources in indispensable strategy corporate discourse (ISCC), because it was preferred by the employees at the case troupe, it corresponded to their needs and it contributed to their affective commitment. Key scripts outside(a) pipeline conversation, home(a) intercourse, indispensable corporate confabulation, strategy dialogue, discourse channels, converse channel attributes, media richness, corporate strategy, employee commitment I AALTO-YLIOPISTON KAUPPAKORKEAKOULU Kansainv? lisen yritysviestinn? pro gradu -tutkielma a a Mich? le Fenech e babe? inen strategiaviestint? ja ty? ntekij? iden sitoutuminen a a o o ? TIIVISTELMA 02. 02. 2013 Tutkimuksen tavoitteet T? ll? pro gradu -tutkielmalla oli kolme tavoitetta. Ensimm? inen tavoite oli tut kia ty? ntekij? iden a a a o o tarpeita ja n? kemyksi? sis? isen viestinn? n v? lineist? eritoten sellaisista sis? isen yritysviestinn? n a a a a a a a a v? lineist? , jotka v? litt? v? t yrityksen strategiaa. Toinen tavoite oli selvitt? a sis? isen strategiaa a a a a a? a viestinn? n (ISCC) onnistuminen analysoimalla ty? ntekij? iden n? kemys heid? n strategiatiedosa o o a a taan.Kolmas tavoite oli tutkia sis? isen strategiaviestinn? n (ISCC) ja ty? ntekij? iden sitoutumia a o o sen v? list? suhdetta. a a Tutkimusmenetelm? t ja teoreettinen viitekehys a Tutkimusmetodi on tapaustutkimus, ja aineisto ker? ttiin taustaselvityksell? , haastatteluilla ja a a kyselyll? . Kvalitatiivinen aineisto analysoitiin ja kategorisoitiin, kun taas kvantitatiivinen aia neisto analysoitiin tilastollisesti R-ohjelmistoymp? rist? ll? . Tutkielman teoreettinen viitekehys a o a n? ytt? a kuinka sis? inen yritysviestint? viestii strategiaa joko rikkaan tai niukan median kauta a? a a ta ty? ntekij? lle, ku inka v? lineiden ominaisuudet vaikuttavat ty? ntekij? iden mieltymyksiin ja o o a o o valintaan, ja kuinka viestint? ja strategian tulkitseminen lopulta johtavat ty? ntekij? iden sitoutua o o miseen. Tutkimuksen tulokset ja johtop? at? kset a? o Tapausyrityksen ty? ntekij? t pitiv? t parhaana vertikaalista ja enimm? kseen yksi-suuntaista sis? ist? o a a a a a yritysviestint? a, joka v? litti strategiaa (ISCC). Se t? ytti heid? n tarpeensa p bemmin kuin hoa? a a a risontaa linen ja kaksi-suuntainen sis? inen strategiaviestint? . Tarpeiksi tunnistettiin strategiatiea a don saaminen, strategiatiedon k? tt? minen, ja moniselitteisyyden ja ep? varmuuden v? hent? minen. a a a a a Ty? ntekij? iden viestint? v? lineiden preferenssiin ja tyytyv? isyyteen n? ytti vaikuttavan enemm? n o o a a a a a v? lineiden k? ytett? vyys ja tiedon laatu kuin v? lineiden rikkaus. Sis? inen strategiaviestint? (ISCC) a a a a a a on onnistunut siin? ett? ty? ntekij? t kokevat, ett? he tiet? v? t yrityksen stra tegian. T? ll? stratea a o a a a a a a giatiedolla on vahva suhde ty? ntekij? iden sitoutumiseen, eritoten affektiiviseen sitoutumiseen. o o T? m? n tutkimuksen johtop? at? ksiin kuuluu, ett? yritysten pit? si investoida resursseja sis? iseen a a a? o a a a strategiaviestint? an (ISCC), sill? se on ty? ntekij? iden suosima, se vastaa heid? n tarpeisiinsa ja a? a o o a se vaikuttaa heid? n affektiiviseen sitoutumiseensa. a Avainsanat kansainv? linen yritysviestint? , sis? inen viestint? , sis? inen yritysviestint? , stratea a a a a a giaviestint? , viestinn? n v? lineet, viestinn? n v? lineiden ominaisuudet, media rikkaus, yritys straa a a a a tegia, ty? ntekij? n sitoutuminen o a II satiates 1 Introduction 1. 1 Research objectives and head words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. terminology of this study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 3 Structure of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . check over of Literature 2. 1 Internal converse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 1. 1 Internal talk matrix . . . . . . 2. 1. 2 Internal corporate confabulation . . . . 2. 2 bodied strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 2. 1 outline organization . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 2. 2 strategy death penalty . . . . . . . . . 2. 3 Communication channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 3. 1 Media richness theory . . . . . . . . . . 2. . 2 line of reasoning attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 4 Commitment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 4. 1 Organisational Commitment . . . . . . . 2. 4. 2 Three-Component Model of Commitment 2. 5 Theoretical framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 6 8 9 9 13 15 18 19 23 30 32 41 43 46 50 55 61 61 62 63 64 66 66 72 80 83 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Methodology 3. 1 Research design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. 1. 1 Exploratory and descriptive research shoot for . . . 3. 1. 2 quantitative and qualitative research strategy . . . 3. 1. 3 Case study method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. 2 Data collecting and analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. 2. 1 Background study, interview and survey techniques 3. 2. 2 Statistical data analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. 3 Reliability and validity of this study . . . . . . . . . . . . Findings and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 III 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 4. 4 rendering of the case companys strategy and the intragroup communication channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 1. 1 Description of the companys generic corporate strategy . . . . . 4. 1. 2 Description of the companys inseparable communication channels . Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 2. 1 Strategy knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 2. Employees ability to apply corporate strategy . . . . . . . . . . 4. 2. 3 The quantity of strategy information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 3. 1 Media richness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 3. 2 Preference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 3. 3 Information quality and channel accessibility . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 3. 4 Satisfaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 3. 5 Channel comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 3. 6 ICC versus non-ICC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 3. 7 ICC channels ful? l the employee needs to varying extent . . . . . C ommitment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 4. 1 Affective, normative and continuance commitment . . . . . . . . 4. 4. 2 Strategy knowledge against commitment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 4. 3 ICC channels and commitment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 84 86 89 90 93 94 96 97 102 106 107 109 112 113 116 117 119 122 125 125 127 128 129 130 5 Conclusions 5. 1 Research summary . . . . . . . 5. 2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. 3 Practical implications . . . . . . 5. 4 Limitations of the study . . . . . 5. 5 Suggestions for advertize research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV List of Tables 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Important terminology of this study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Internal Communication hyaloplasm (Welch & Jackson, 2007) . . . . . . . . Adjective-Pairs Used In Evaluating Communication Channels . . . . . Background material from case company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interview data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The stages of channel choice for the survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Case study tactics for Four Design Tests (Adapted from Yin (2009, p. 41)) 7 14 42 67 68 70 81 Selected channels and their dimension of privileged communication . . . . . 89 The employee channel preference comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 The top three employee channel preferences in terms of media richness and inner(a) communication dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 The employees ranking of channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 V List of portends 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 The Shannon-Weaver moulding of communication (Shannon & Weaver, 1949) Internal Corporate Communication (Welch & Ja ckson, 2007) . . . . . . . Types of Strategies (Mintzberg, 1978) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Strategy Implementation, a link between planned and realizing strategy . Media Richness hierarchy (Lengel & Daft, 1988) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Media Selection Framework (Lengel & Daft, 1988) . . . . . . . . . . . A Three-component Model of Organizational Commitment . . . . . . . . The Theoretical Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A niche plot with annotations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A box plot with outlier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . drive away plot without and with jitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scatter chart with Trend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scatter plot without and without outlier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Removal of outliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The correlative between Affective, Normative and Continuan ce Commitment Scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Theoretical Framework (Content) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The employees perception of their strategy knowledge . . . . . . . . Ability to apply strategy against knowledge of the strategy . . . . . . Having enough strategy information against knowledge of the strategy The Theoretical Framework (Media) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Media richness attribute scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Richness and Richness modify . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Channel preference ranking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Information quality and channel accessibility scores . . . . . . . . . . The employees channel satisfaction scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ICC and non-ICC channel attribute comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . The Theoretical Framework (Commitment) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overall ACS, NCS and CCS results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commitment scales against Strategy familiarity . . . . . . . . . . . . Knowledge affect commitment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 16 20 25 34 38 51 56 74 75 76 77 79 80 82 90 91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 108 112 116 117 120 121 31 32 ACS, Strategy Knowledge and Employees perspective . . . . . . . . . . 122 The employees ? rst channel preference type with respect to strategy knowledge and ACS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 VII Chapter 1 Introduction In recent years, on that point has been a increment intimacy in inner(a) communication in corporate communication research (Vercic, Vercic & Sriramesh, 2012).Internal communication can be set forth as any communication with employees inherently within the organization (Cornelissen, 2011, p. 164). Not only does internal communication enable companies to have information and knowledge sharing between employees (D. Tourish & Hargie, 2004a) but it in addition satis? es and commits them (D. Tourish & Hargie, 2000), and gives them a voice to communicate up (Morrison & Milliken, 2000). Internal communication is great, because it affects the bottom line of a company (Yates, 2006) and, quite simply, is a total factor to success (Argenti & Forman, 2002 D. Tourish & Hargie, 2004d).According to Welch and Jackson (2007), one of the recent internal communication theories is establish on a stakeholder approach, where internal communication is divided into cardinal inter cerebrate dimensions according to identi? ed stakeholder groups internal line jitney communication, internal team consort communication, internal thrust fellow communication and internal corporate communication. In their bargon-ass approach to internal communication, Welch and Jackson (2007) concentrate on the quadrupleth dimension, namely internal corporate communication. It is de? ned as communication between an placements strategical pass enger vehicles and its in1 ernal stakeholders, designed to reap on commitment to the organisation, a sense of be to it, awargonness of its changing environment and correspondence of its evolving aims. (Welch & Jackson, 2007, p. 193) The role of internal corporate communication is to convey corporate issues such as goals and objectives (Welch & Jackson, 2007). The internal corporate communication channels ar in the main one-way channels, such as newsletters and the intranet. The aim of internal corporate communication is to reach four goals, which ar belonging, commitment, awareness and understanding of the business environment.Welch and Jackson (2007) address speci? cally the formal and managed internal communication as argue to the informal internal communication. Informal internal communication, also known as grapevine, includes the constant yack away between people at work. The formal internal communication includes the managed company/work related communication. The n ew stakeholder approach to internal communication is important, because according to Welch and Jackson (2007), it broadens the previous approaches, which only looked at the employees as a single audience.The four internal communication dimensions give coachs a tool to strategically communicate to clumprse stakeholder groups within the company as well as to all employees at once. One of the corporate issues that internal communication conveys is strategy. Strategy has a multitude of de? nitions. Chandler (1962) created the basics for todays typical strategy de? nition (Mintzberg, 1978 Mustonen, 2009), which is the finis of the basic long-term goals and objectives of an enterprise, and the bridal of courses of action and the allotment of resources necessary for carrying out these goals (Chandler, 1962, p. 3) Corporate strategy is important, because it aid the company to reach its long-term object2 ives and, therefore, affects the companys long-term wealth (Al-Ghamdi, Roy & Ahm ed, 2007). After the corporate strategy has been formulated, it needs to be implemented, therefore communicated, to the employees. The better the employees understand, accept and embrace the corporate strategy, the more successful the strategy communication is (Aaltonen & Ik? valko, 2002). dread the strategy objectives and the signi? cance a of e very(prenominal)ones contribution has an effect on the commitment and work motivation of the employees (H? ? l? inen & Maula, 2004). a aa In spite of the wealth of research into strategy and strategy communication, there has been a call for more research on internal communication for more than a decade. For example, Argenti (1996, p. 94) points out that no separate corporate communication subfunction offers more of an opportunity for genuinely want aft(prenominal) research than employee = internal communication. point today, internal communication still calls for more research (Vercic et al. , 2012 Welch & Jackson, 2007). Welch and Ja ckson (2007, p. 94) call for however research on internal stakeholders employees needs and preferences for communication content and media to improve internal corporate communication. Since the internal corporate communication judgment is new, there has been little if any research in a corporate strategy mise en scene. Furthermore, internal corporate communication and its ability to contribute to the four goals, namely belonging, commitment, awareness and understanding of the business environment, hasnt been studied much every. 1. 1 Research objectives and questions This Masters thesis has three personas. The ? st purpose is to examine the employees needs and preferences of the companys internal communication (IC) channels, speci? cally internal corporate communication (ICC) channels that convey the companys corporate strategy. The second is to investigate the successfulness of the internal strategy communication (ISC), speci? cally internal strategy corporate communication (ISC C), regarding the employees perception of their strategy knowledge. The third is to research the coincidence between internal strategy communication (ISC), heightening on internal strategy corporate communication (ISCC), and the employees commitment.The terminology 3 apply in this study is described in Section 1. 2. Even though this study porees primarily on the internal corporate communication (ICC) dimension, the other(a) three internal communication dimensions, namely internal line manager communication, internal team peer communication and internal bulge out peer communication, as well as the informal communication (non-ICC), are also taken into account in this study. This is because the other three dimensions are interrelated with the ICC dimension (Welch & Jackson, 2007) and, because informal communication adds an a good deal used channel.This study looks both at the general internal strategy communication (ISC), which includes all four formal internal communication di mensions and informal internal communication, and at Welch and Jacksons (2007) more speci? c internal corporate communication conveying strategy (ISCC). Herein afterward, the general internal strategy communication (ISC) with the focus on internal strategy corporate communication (ISCC) is referred to as internal strategy (corporate) communication.Since, this study requires in-depth knowledge intimately a companys internal strategy communication (ISC), it was deemed best to focus only on one company instead of looking at multiple companies. Also, since internal strategy communication (ISC) is con? dential, the case company prefers to stay anonymous. The chosen case company for this study is a Finnish daughter company of an international corporation. The daughter company is spread around Finland and has circa 350 employees. More information on the case company and the single case study method is presented in Section 3. . 3. The purpose of this study is transformed into one main and ? ve sub research questions. All of these research questions relate to the case company. The questions are as follows Main research question How does internal strategy communication, speci? cally internal strategy corporate communication, run across the employees needs and relate to employee commitment? Sub research questions 4 1. What are the employees internal strategy (corporate) communication channel preferences? 2. How do the channels meet the employees needs? 3.How much knowledge do the employees perceive to have regarding the corporate strategy gained through internal strategy (corporate) communication? 4. How committed are the employees? 5. What is the relation between their commitment and strategy knowledge gained through internal strategy (corporate) communication? The main research question studies how internal (corporate) communication conveying the corporate strategy meets the needs of the employees. Also, it studies whether the communication relates to the employees commitment towards the company. The ? e sub research questions are studying this main research problem more thoroughly. The ? rst and second sub research questions aim to name what the employees internal strategy (corporate) communication channel preferences are and how the channels meet the employees needs. Internal communication media include distinct kinds of communication channels. On the one hand, it includes two-way internal communication channels such as death penalty appraisals, and on the other hand, it includes one-way internal corporate communication channels, such as newsletters and the intranet. The channel related needs go forth be identi? d from the lit. The emphasis in the ? rst and second sub questions is on the employees viewpoint on the channels and their characteristics. The third sub research question studies how much knowledge the employees perceive to have regarding the corporate strategy. It is assumed that strategy knowledge is gained and understood via several(prenominal) different ways, one of them existence internal strategy (corporate) communication. The needs of the employees for internal strategy (corporate) communication are to receive the message, understand it, and gain the required strategy knowledge.The employees level of strategy knowledge and their ability to use this knowledge in their everyday work will help to determine whether the internal strategy (corporate) communication is effective and successful. The fourth and ? fth sub research questions investigate the commitment level of the case 5 company employees, and the relation between their commitment and their strategy knowledge. As has been discussed earlier, ICC leads to four goals, which are commitment, belonging, awareness and understanding of the business environment. Due to the scope restrictions in this study, only the ommitment goal is researched. The organisational commitment theory will be used to analyse how committed the employees are to the company. The gained strategy knowledge will be seen as a result of internal strategy (corporate) communication. on that pointfore, the employees strategy knowledge acts as a middleman in determining the relation between internal strategy corporate communication and the employees commitment. This Masters thesis is well positioned in the research ? eld of International Business Communication, because this study is set in an international business view researching communication.The Finnish case company is a subsidiary of a multinational company, with subsidiaries all over the adult male. There is close co-operation between the parent and subsidiary companies, providing an international setting for the business. This study explores internal strategy (corporate) communication in the ? eld of business. The speci? c interest is in the case companys corporate strategy, how this company communicates the strategy to its employees, how the employees perceive the communication and whether the communi cation relates to their organisational commitment. 1. 2Terminology of this study Since the internal communication, internal corporate communication and internal strategy corporate communication related concepts and terminology used in this study are very similar to each other, there is the potential for misunderstandings. In order to increase clarity of this study, a summary of the key terminology is provided. The terminology, the abbreviations and their descriptions are presented in Table 1. As can be seen in Table 1, the key terminology used in this study consists of variations somewhat internal communication and strategy.In each chapter, the ? rst time a term is mentioned, it is spelled out entirely with the abbreviation in brackets as a reminder. After 6 Table 1 Important terminology of this study Abbr. IC Description Terminology Internal communication Internal corporate communication ICC Formal non-ICC Internal line manager communication Internal project peer communication Int ernal team peer communication Informal dispirited talk, corridor chats ISC Overall internal communication happening in a company. Could be both one-way or two-way communication.Includes all four formal internal communication dimensions and informal communication predominantly one-way communication between an organisations strategic managers and its employees on corporate issues Other internal communication that is not ICC. It includes virtually two-way communication, formal and informal, on work related issues between all the employees (line manager to subordinate, employee to employee, project peer to project peer, team peer to team peer) of the company 7 ISCC Internal strategy communication Internal strategy corporate communicationFormal Internal communication conveying strategy information in a company. Could be both one-way or two-way communication. Includes all four formal internal communication dimensions and informal communication Predominantly one-way communication on pre cisely the corporate strategy conveyed from the strategic managers to all the employees more or less simultaneously Internal strategy line manager communication Internal strategy project peer communication Internal strategy team peer communication Informal Strategy small talk, corridor chatsOther internal communication on strategy that is not ISCC. It includes non-ISCC most two-way communication, formal or informal, on strategy between all the employees of the company that the abbreviation is habitually used. However, in selected places, like Section 2. 1 on internal communication, the term internal communication is spelled out instead of using the abbreviation IC in order to make the difference towards ICC more prominent. 1. 3 Structure of the thesis The four main portions in this Masters thesis are the literature review, the methodology, the ? dings and interchange, and the conclusions. The literature review presents the most relevant literature for this study, including liter ature on internal communication, strategy, internal communication channels and commitment. The ? nal section of the literature review explains the theoretical framework of this study. The methodology chapter presents the research design, methods and data, and reliability of the study. The ? ndings and discussion chapter explains ? ndings on the internal strategy (corporate) communication channels, employee preferences and need ful? ment, employees perception of their strategy knowledge, and employees overall organisational commitment and its relation to the gained strategy knowledge. All of the ? ndings are discussed throughout this chapter. Finally, the conclusion chapter reviews the research summary, explains the possible implications of this research, presents the limitations of the study, and proposes suggestions for further research. 8 Chapter 2 Review of Literature This chapter will review literature that is relevant to this Masters thesis. All of the sections in this chapter ? st review more general literature on the topic at hand and then dive into the more speci? c theory or mannequin that is of relevance to this study. The ? rst section presents research related to internal communication in general and, more speci? cally, to the internal communication matrix and the internal corporate communication (ICC) concept. The second section addresses the formulation and executing of strategy. The third section highlights communication channels, in general, and then more speci? cally focuses on the media richness theory and communication channel attributes.The fourth section elaborates on commitment, organisational commitment and the threecomponent model of commitment. The last section presents the theoretical framework of this study. 2. 1 Internal communication The word communication is based on the Latin words communis and communicare (Wiio, 1977). Communis means sharing in common and communicare means to make common, hence communication is something that is being done to condenseher (Wiio, 9 1977). Wiio (1970) de? nes communication simply as the exchange of information between the transmitter and the receiver.One of the earliest ways to describe communication is the Shannon-Weaver model of communication, which includes more elements than just the transmitter and the receiver (Shannon & Weaver, 1949). This model is presented in Figure 1. Transmitter Information message (Encoder) Source signal Channel Noise Source received signal Receiver (Decoder) message Destination Figure 1 The Shannon-Weaver model of communication (Shannon & Weaver, 1949) In Figure 1 the sender encodes a message, transmits it via a channel to the receiver who decodes the message.Along the way there is noise, which refers to any disturbance that could affect the reception of the message (Shannon & Weaver, 1949). What makes this communication successful, according to Al-Ghamdi et al. (2007), is that the information transferred from the sender to the receiver is understood by the receiver. For a long time now, it has been recognised that the Shannon-Weaver model of communication is overage because it cannot fully grasp the complex process of human communication, nevertheless, it is one of the best known models (Bowman & Targowski, 1987).It is important to whole tone that communication can be both internal and orthogonal (Cornelissen, 2011). Traditionally it was easy to distinguish between the internal communication between the employees in a company and the orthogonal communication to, for instance, customers. Nowadays, however, with the arrival of technology and new communication tools (e-mail, intranet, videos, online newsletters) the borders between internal and external communication have become fuzzy (Cornelissen, 2011). For the purpose of this study, it is assumed that internal communication can exist as its own concept separate from external communication.This study will only focus on the internal aspects of communication. Inter nal communication is important because it helps to cover information and know10 ledge with everyone at the company (D. Tourish & Hargie, 2004a). It informs (metalworker, 2008), satis? es and commits the employees (D. Tourish & Hargie, 2000), as well as, engages them (Kress, 2005) and gives them a voice to enunciate up (Morrison & Milliken, 2000). Especially in todays rapidly changing business world, with all the downsizing, outsourcing and restructuring, internal communication is important (Vercic et al. 2012). It has emerged as a critical function, because organisational leaders need better management skills in regards to employees (Vercic et al. , 2012). Welch and Jackson (2007) argue that internal communication, speci? cally ICC, explained in Subsection 2. 1. 2, leads to commitment, and commitment leads to better performance (Meyer & Allen, 1991) and, therefore, internal communication is crucial for business success. It is the key to good management (Jay, 2005) and it produces better results (Smith, 2008).Internal communication affects the bottom line of a company, by decreasing employee turnover and increasing market premiums, shareholder returns and employee engagement (Yates, 2006), therefore, leading to success (Argenti & Forman, 2002 D. Tourish & Hargie, 2004d). The growing importance of internal communication is visible in many initiatives, for instance, the setting up of the Institute of internal communication in the UK, with the aim of understanding and studying the ? eld (Vercic et al. , 2012). Already in the 6th blow St.Benedict said Smaller organisational decisions should be taken by senior man-to-mans, but large ones should be obstinate as a group. Everyones voice must be heard to avoid murmurs and back-biting (Smith, 2008, p. 10), which indicates that internal communication has existed for a long time and it is not only a phenomenon of todays business world (Smith, 2008). Although the actual practice of internal communication has probably existed for quite some time, the concept itself is relatively new, having started in the US and spread from there to Europe (Vercic et al. , 2012) in the 20th century (Clutterbuck, 1997 Smith, 2008).Even though internal communication has been studied directly or indirectly by many researchers such as Argenti (1996) J. Grunig and Hunt (1984) Jefkins (1988) Kalla (2005) Quirke (2000) Smith (2008) Stone (1995) D. Tourish and Hargie (2004b) Wiio (1970) Wright (1995) Yates (2006), there has been a considerable gap in the academic research and understanding of internal communication (Welch & Jackson, 2007). This is highlighted with the following quote. no other corporate communication subfunction offers more of an opportunity for genuinely sought after research than employee = internal communic11 ation (Argenti, 1996, p. 4) It is dif? cult to de? ne internal communication because it has several, often interchangeably used, synonyms such as change management (Smith, 2008), employee commun ication (Argenti, 1996 Smidts, Pruyn & new wave Riel, 2001), employee dealings (Argenti, 1996 J. Grunig & Hunt, 1984 Quirke, 2000), integrated internal communications (Kalla, 2005), internal creation relations (Jefkins, 1988 Wright, 1995), internal relations (J. Grunig & Hunt, 1984), industrial relations (Smith, 2008), reputation management (Smith, 2008), round communication (Stone, 1995), staff communications (D. Tourish & Hargie, 2004b) and transformation (Smith, 2008).These synonyms add to the complexity of de? ning internal communication. The term internal communication has been chosen for this study due to the interest in Welch and Jacksons (2007) ICC concept for details see Subsection 2. 1. 2. In addition, the term internal communication is preferred by corporate communication theorists such as Van Riel (1995) and J. Foreman and Argenti (2005). There have been very few useful and appropriate de? nitions of internal communication. De? nitions have either been very simple, f or example communication with employees internally within the organization (Cornelissen, 2011, p. 64), or describing something else entirely. For example, a very astray used de? nition of internal communication is that of Frank and Brownell (1989), which more accurately seems to be a de? nition of organisational communication instead of internal communication (Welch & Jackson, 2007). the communications transactions between individuals and/or groups at various levels and in different areas of specialisation that are intend to design and redesign organisations, to implement designs, and to co-ordinate day-today activities (Frank & Brownell, 1989, p. -6) Appropriately, Welch and Jackson (2007) addressed this gap in the academic research and understanding of internal communication and rede? ned internal communication. Welch and Jacksons (2007) de? nition is choose for this study, because of the interest in ICC 12 speci? cally. The de? nition is presented below. the strategic managemen t of interactions and relationships between stakeholders within organisations across a function of interrelated dimensions including, internal line manager communication, internal team peer communication, internal project peer communication and internal corporate communication (Welch & Jackson, 2007, p. 84) This section continues by explaining Welch and Jacksons (2007) internal communication matrix with its four formal internal communication dimensions in Subsection 2. 1. 1. Then, Subsection 2. 1. 2 de? nes the internal corporate communication concept and its four goals (Welch & Jackson, 2007). 2. 1. 1 Internal communication matrix The internal communication matrix created by Welch and Jackson (2007) consists of four formal internal communication dimensions, which are the earlier mentioned internal corporate communication (ICC), internal line manager communication, internal team peer communication and internal project peer communication.The internal communication matrix helps to se parate the ICC dimension from the other internal communication dimensions. Welch and Jackson (2007) take a stakeholder approach to internal communication. This is done in order to address the admonition and recent calls for research. LEtang (2005, p. 522) criticises that employees are too often treated as a single humanity with respect to internal communication in a company. In addition, Forman and Argenti (2005) call for more research on employees as the target audience of internal communication.Welch and Jackson (2007) address these issues by differentiating stakeholder groups at the company, while at the same time still focusing on communication that reaches all the employees. Hence, Welch and Jackson (2007) take a stakeholder approach to internal communication. 13 According to Freeman (1984, p. 25), a stakeholder is any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the ? rms objectives. Stakeholder theory, together with internal communication, add to the identi? ation of participants that form stakeholder groups at different organisational levels all employees, strategic management, day-to-day management, work teams and project teams (Welch & Jackson, 2007). This implies the earlier mentioned four interrelated dimensions of internal communication (Welch & Jackson, 2007). These four internal communication dimensions in a management context form the internal communication matrix, which is visible in Table 2. Table 2 Internal Communication Matrix (Welch & Jackson, 2007) Dimension 1. Internal line management communication 2.Internal team peer communication 3. Internal project peer communication 4. Internal corporate communication Level Line managers/ supervisors Team colleagues vomit group colleagues Strategic managers/ top management Direction Predominantly two-way Two-way Two-way Predominantly one-way Participants Line managersemployees Employeeemployee Employeeemployee Strategic managers-all employees Content Employees roles Per sonal impact, e. g. appraisal discussions, team brie? ngs Team information, e. g. team line discussions Project information, e. g. project issues Organisational/ corporate issues, e. . goals, objectives, new developments, activities and achievements As Table 2 projects, the four dimensions of internal communication are followed by the organisational level, the bearing, participants and content of the internal communication, respectively. The level, direction, participants and content of the internal communication differ according to the internal stakeholder group in question. The ? rst dimension, internal line manager communication, is between the line managers and the employees of a company at the line manager/supervisor level.This communication is mainly two-way, between superior and subordinate with the content being, for instance, closely employee roles (Welch & Jackson, 2007). The second dimension, internal team peer communication, is two-way communication between team mem bers, employee to employee, with the content being team information (Welch & Jackson, 2007). The third dimension, internal project peer communication, is two-way communication between project peers, employee to employee, with the content being project informa14 tion.The difference here between a team and a project is that teams are work teams in departments and di piles while projects have a wider scope with dispersed teams (Welch & Jackson, 2007). The fourth dimension, ICC, is strategic one way communication from the strategic managers/top management of the company to all employees. This communication deals with corporate issues such as goals, objectives and achievements (Welch & Jackson, 2007). Internal line, team peer and project peer communication have been comfortably researched by J. Grunig et al. (1992).Therefore, the focus of this study will be on ICC, which has been largely ignored to date. 2. 1. 2 Internal corporate communication The internal corporate communication (ICC) concept veritable by Welch and Jackson (2007) is communication between the strategic top of the company and the rest of the company. It focuses on all the employees and, therefore, ? lls an existing void in research (Forman & Argenti, 2005). Internal corporate communication is predominantly oneway and includes issues such as company goals and objectives. The concept of ICC is presented in Figure 2, with the de? ition of ICC being communication between an organisations strategic managers and its internal stakeholders, designed to promote commitment to the organisation, a sense of belonging to it, awareness of its changing environment and understanding of its evolving aims (Welch & Jackson, 2007, p. 186) Figure 2 shows that the strategic managers, who are situated in the circle in the middle of Figure 2, send corporate messages, shown as arrows in Figure 2, to all the company employees, who are situated in the circle portrayal internal environment.Figure 2 also points out that inte rnal corporate communication, where the strategic managers are sending corporate messages to the employees, leads to four goals, which are visible in the thick one-way arrows commitment, awareness, belonging and understanding. In addition, there are four smaller double headed arrows between the internal environment and the external small environment. These arrows imply two-way communication, which ex15 External MacroEnvironment Employees Commitment External MicroEnvironment Corporate Messages Understanding Strategic managers Awareness Belonging EmployeesInternal Environment Figure 2 Internal Corporate Communication (Welch & Jackson, 2007) ists in the other three internal communication dimensions internal manager communication, internal team peer communication and internal project peer communication. Finally, there is also an external macro environment in Figure 2. The double headed arrows in Figure 2 show that even though the main messages are predominantly one way, the strategic m anagers are still acquire feedback and information from their employees in other ways, for instance, through internal team peer communication (Welch & Jackson, 2007).Welch and Jackson (2007) keep that the one-wayness of the internal corporate communication concept can be criticised however, it would be unrealistic to assume that the company could have face-to-face discussion with every single employee on every issue at hand. Therefore, it is important that the messages sent from the top are consistent and this could be done with mediated means of communication (e. g. external news release, corporate tele good deal advertisement, corporate web site, internal newsletter).Internal mediated communication can be considered symmetrical if 16 its content meets the employees need to know rather than the managements need to give notice (of) (L. Grunig, Grunig & Dozier, 2002, p. 487). The channels of ICC are a focus in this study, which is to answer the call for further research highlighte d in the following quote. Research into employee preferences for channel and content of internal corporate communication is required to ensure it meets employees needs (Welch & Jackson, 2007, p. 87) The aforementioned goals of the ICC concept are to increase commitment of the employees to the organisation, develop their awareness of the environmental change, increase their belonging to the company and develop their understanding of the changing objectives. Out of these four goals the commitment goal is of speci? c interest to this study. Commitment is like a positive attitude among employees (De Ridder, 2004 Meyer & Allen, 1997 Mowday, Porter & Steers, 1982) and a degree of loyalty towards an organisation (Welch & Jackson, 2007).It is de? ned as the relative strength of an individuals identi? cation with, and involvement in, a particular organisation (Mowday, Steers & Porter, 1979, p. 226). Meyer and Allen (1997) identify three types of workplace commitment, namely affective, contin uance and normative. Since the concept of commitment and Meyer and Allens (1991) three types of commitment are relevant for this Masters thesis, they will be further reviewed in Section 2. 4. Belonging is described by Cornelissen (2004, p. 8) as a we feeling allowing people to identify with their organizations. Internal communication has an effect on this degree of identi? cation (Smidts et al. , 2001, p. 1052). The need to belong is a strong motivator for people (Baumeister & Leary, 1995). Therefore, it has to be remembered that organisations could use a persuasive strategy to in? uence the employees (Cheney, 1983) or even use internal communication as a tool to try to manipulate employees (Moloney, 2000). Due to this Welch and Jackson (2007) point out that ICC has an ethical aspect.It is important for the employees to be aware of the environmental change, and understand how it impacts the organisation (Welch & Jackson, 2007), because the organisational environment is dynamic. Thi s dynamic environment has three levels, namely macro, micro 17 and internal (Palmer & Hartley, 2002), which are also shown in Figure 2. These environments are subject to change, and change in the business world has been substantial in the past years for instance due to technology (Cornelissen, 2004).Due to these environmental changes and the implications they could mean, it is vital for the employees to be aware and understand the change (Welch & Jackson, 2007). In addition, to just plainly communicating the authentic situation of the organisation to the employees, the organisation should even communicate about the external opportunities and threats of the company. Effective internal corporate communication should enable employees to understand the constant changes the company is going through (Welch & Jackson, 2007), thus reducing employees uncertainty. In sum, ICC is of speci? interest in this study, because it hasnt yet been extensively researched. Internal communication is impo rtant for companies, because it contributes to their success (Argenti & Forman, 2002 D. Tourish & Hargie, 2004d). When a stakeholder approach is taken, internal communication can be divided into four interrelated dimensions (Welch & Jackson, 2007). These dimensions together form the internal communication matrix (Welch & Jackson, 2007). Out of these four dimensions ICC is the strategic top addressing all the employees simultaneously about the company goals and objectives (Welch & Jackson, 2007).The goals of the ICC include giving the employees a feeling of belonging and commitment, as well as upbringing the employees awareness and understanding of the companys changing environment (Welch & Jackson, 2007). 2. 2 Corporate strategy Corporate strategy is important, because it aids the company to reach its long-term objectives and, therefore, affects the companys long-term wealth (Al-Ghamdi et al. , 2007). Understanding these objectives and the signi? cance of everyones contribution has an effect on the commitment and work motivation of the employees (H? m? l? nen & Maula, 2004), a aa which is a contributing factor to an effective company (Koch, Radvansk? & Sklen? r, y a 2011). 18 The origin of the word strategy comes from the Greek word strategos, a general (Bracker, 1980, p. 219), referring to skills of warfare (Cummings, 1993 Lahti, 2008). Furthermore, the Greek verb stratego stands for planning the destruction of ones enemies through effective use of resources (Bracker, 1980, p. 219). The word strategy was originally linked to war and politics, and only after World War II was there a need to link the word to business (Bracker, 1980).The ? rst ones to impute the strategy concept to business were Von Neumann and Morgenstern with their game theory (Bracker, 1980), where strategy is the set of rules that players follow (Mintzberg, 1978). Chandler (1962) created the basics for todays typical strategy de? nition (Mintzberg, 1978 Mustonen, 2009) the determination of the basic long-term goals and objectives of an enterprise, and the adoption of courses of action and the allocation of resources necessary for carrying out these goals (Chandler, 1962, p. 13) Bracker (1980, p. 221) sums up many of the strategy de? itions to entails the analysis of internal and external environments of a ? rm to maximise the utilization of resources in relation to objectives. Strategy quite simply put is a plan (Mintzberg, 1978, p. 935). This section continues by explaining the strategy formation with Mintzbergs (1978) theory and a brief review on heap and tutelage related research in Subsection 2. 2. 1. Then, the strategy implementation is explained in Subsection 2. 2. 2. Issues cover include the importance of the implementation process, the de? nition, Aaltonen and Ik? alkos (2002) a theory, the importance of managers in the process, some practical issues and the dif? culties of strategy implementation. Finally, the subtle difference between internal strategy co mmunication (ISC) and internal strategy corporate communication (ISCC) is discussed. 2. 2. 1 Strategy formation The strategy process starts with the companys corporate strategy formation. Mintzbergs (1978) theory is one of the many theories that explains the theoretical strategy formation. 19 A more practical view of strategy formation is found in research on deal and mission statements. Mintzbergs (1978) theoryMintzberg (1978) developed a strategy formation theory, where there are two kinds of strategies, the think and the acquire. According to Mintzberg (1978), in the mainly theoretical strategy formation research, the majority of strategy de? nitions have one thing in common they are a deliberate set of guidelines that determine future decisions. This type of a strategy is called an intended strategy, and it has the following three characteristics (Mintzberg, 1978). First, it is explicit. Second, it is created purposefully and consciously and third, it is made in advance to he lp decision-making.Opposite to the intended strategy is the realised strategy, which is the actual strategy that is put into action. In order to expand the strategy formation research, Mintzberg (1978, p. 935) de? nes strategy as a pattern in a stream of decisions. He then claims that these two kinds of strategies, intended and realised, can be combined in three different ways, resulting in ? ve types of strategies, namely the intended, unrealised, deliberate, emergent and realised. These ? ve types of strategies and their relations are presented in Figure 3. Intended Strategy Unrealized StrategyDeliberate Strategy Realized Strategy sudden Strategy Figure 3 Types of Strategies (Mintzberg, 1978) As can be seen in Figure 3, the intended strategy is to the left implying a starting point, and the realised strategy is to the right implying an end result. Mintzberg (1978) reasons that the intended and the realised strategy, at least(prenominal) theoretically, can be combined in the foll owing three ways. First, intended strategies that get realised without anything left 20 out or added are called deliberate strategies. Second, intended strategies that do not get realised are called unrealised strategies.This could be caused by issues such as unrealistic expectations. Third, unintended strategies that get realised are called emergent strategies. These could develop over time, unintended, out of a pattern of continuous decisional behaviour. Mintzberg and irrigate (1985) suggest that for a strategy to realise itself exactly as it was planned, three conditions need to be met. First, the strategy needs to be planned in detail, in a way that it can be communicated clearly. Second, everyone in the company needs to know it. Third, the strategy implementation is not in? uenced from outside of the company (Mintzberg & Waters, 1985).At least two out of these three conditions need communication, which emphasizes the role that communication plays in the strategy process, espec ially in the implementation, which is presented in Subsection 2. 2. 2. imaging and mission Vision and mission have been recognised as a part of the more practical view on the strategy formulation process for all types of organisations (Darbi, 2010 David, 1989). However, David (1989) argues that the strategy formulation process consists of not only the creation of the vision and mission statement, but also of the SWOT-analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) and the identi? ation of the long-term objectives, to name a few. H? m? l? inen and Maula (2004) point out that it is common practice that a aa companies de? ne at least vision, mission, strategy (a more limited concept, not to be confused with the main corporate strategy) and care for statements during their strategy process. These four components could be seen as the most central operational guidelines of a company (H? m? l? inen & Maula, 2004). a aa Vision and mission statements are important, because they in? uence strategy and organisational performance (Darbi, 2010).Vision and mission statements give direction and clarity to the employees and create a common sense of purpose (Campbell, 1997 Ireland & Hirc, 1992 Klemm, Sanderson & Luffman, 1991 Matejka, Kurke & Gregory, 1993 Mullane, 2002). In addition, these statements also motivate (Ireland & Hirc, 21 1992), shape behaviours (collins & Porras, 1991), develop commitment (Klemm et al. , 1991) and ? nally in? uence employee performance positively (Mullane, 2002). Vision describes the desired future state of a company (Darbi, 2010 H? m? l? inen & a aa Maula, 2004).The content and length of this description may differ (Darbi, 2010). In addition, G. Johnson, Scholes and Whittington (2008) argue that the vision should show how the company produces value for its stakeholders. A vision gives strategic direction to a company and, furthermore, is the foundation for the mission and other related goals (Darbi, 2010). Vision statements are sup posed to be challenging and ambitious yet workable enough to give notice employees ingenuity as far as its realisation is concerned (Darbi, 2010, p. 96) A mission is the companys current purpose (Darbi, 2010 H? m? l? inen & Maula, 2004). aa It answers the question what is our business? (David, 2009, p. 85), and expresses the corporate strategy in terms of scope and value creation (David, 2009). The mission should convey the companys strategic direction to the stakeholders (Bartkus, Glassman & McAfee, 2004). Hence the company should identify the most important stakeholders in their mission statement and assure that their needs are met (Mullane, 2002). The mission should speci? cally correspond to the set and expectations of the stakeholders (Darbi, 2010). The last two corporate strategy components presented are values and strategy.Values refer to the company embraced principles (H? m? l? inen & Maula, 2004). Strategy shows a aa how the company is going to achieve its vision and mi ssion (H? m? l? inen & Maula, 2004). a aa This type of strategy is a more limited concept in the whole big corporate strategy process, and its purpose seems to be to show a practical way to reach the goals. It seems to be rather confusing to have two separate concepts named the same, which de? nitely can be seen as a problem in the strategy implementation phase. This could potentially be solved by renaming the more limited strategy concept as something else.However, the word strategy has also many other meanings (Jones, 2008), and it has become a synonym for 22 different words. For instance, strategy could refer to a plan, a position, a purpose or a long term view (Jones, 2008) and in the adjective form of strategic even important or signi? cant (Alvesson, 2002). There is some reproval in regards to the usefulness and bene? ts of these vision and mission statements (Simpson, 1994). In terms of the content, for instance Simpson (1994) and Goett (1997) note that the majority of these vision and mission statements sound very general and are rarely useful (Goett, 1997, p. ). Hussey (1998) notes that there are semantic problems with vision and mission, therefore what psyche thinks of as a vision, another one would say is a mission. Jones (2008) points out that the terms vision and mission have as many de? nitions as people want to give them and they are very overused. Collins and Porras (1999) go a step further and indicate that vision is one of the most overused words in the English language it is also the least understood. In addition to the criticism against the content, there is also criticism against the process of formulating the vision and mission.Mullane (2002) noted that it is not really the content itself but rather the process of formulating the vision and mission, and how they are then implemented. These statements are seen as top managements compulsory work that will inevitably end in the employees desk drawers or walls, forgotten. So, are the vision and mission statements useful after all? Well, the literature that supports the usefulness and relevance does outweigh the opposite literature (Darbi, 2010), implying that the vision and mission statements are useful.However, the problem of not everyone knowing and understanding the vision and mission statements remains, and should be addressed with a well thought-out strategy implementation, which takes this into consideration. 2. 2. 2 Strategy implementation It is not enough if only the top management knows about the corporate strategy it also needs the employees embracing the parts of the strategy that affect their work (H? m? l? inen a aa & Maula, 2004). Therefore, a successful strategy implementation is vital for any com23 pany (Aaltonen & Ik? alko, 2002). Strategy communication, being a major part of a strategy implementation, is important, because it is essential to operational ef? ciency of a company (Kagan, 2004 Roy, 2001). The more successful the strategy communication (A altonen & Ik? valko, 2002), the better the employees understand, accept and a embrace the corporate strategy and, hence, the more successful the strategy implementation. H? m? l? inen and Maula (2004) concluded from Juholins (1999) work that strategy a aa communication also increases work satisfaction.Strategy communication does not only affect culture, general well-being and performance, but when it is missing, there might be moral problems and weaker performance (Kazoleas & Wright, 2001). In H? m? l? inen and Maulas (2004) viewpoint strategy implementation means those cona aa crete choices and decisions that employees do everyday at work. Noble (1999, p. 120) de? nes strategy implementation as the communication, interpretation, adoption, and enactment of strategic plans. Communicating strategy to the employees is a central part of strategy implementation (Alexander, 1985 Noble, 1999 Roy, 2001).Strategy communication, as part of the strategy implementation process, is both written and oral communication about the corporate strategy. It is usually communicated in a top-down direction (Aaltonen & Ik? valko, 2002). The communication is about the responsibilita ies and tasks the employees need to know so that they can ful? l the corporate strategy (Alexander, 1991). Naturally, a strategy might need to be communicated to other stakeholder groups as well, such as customers, suppliers, partners, analysts, media, authorities, local community, NGOs and competitors (H? m? l? inen & Maula, 2004).Steckel (2000) even points out a aa that companies commonly communicate the strategy to partners and customers and forget the employees. However, in this study the emphasis is put on internal strategy corporate communication (ISCC) and, therefore, the only receivers considered are the employees of a company. Aaltonen and Ik? valko (2002) developed a strategy implementation theory based on earlier a research (Mintzberg, 1978 Noble, 1999 Pettigrew, 1987). They adopted the strategy formation theory from Mintzberg (1978) and the strategy implementation components from Noble (1999).Aaltonen and Ik? valkos (2002) strategy implementation theory is a presented in Figure 4. 24 vision planned strategy Strategy implementation communication interpretation and adoption actions realizing strategy Figure 4 Strategy Implementation as a link between